Hierarchical Contaminated Web Page Classification Based on Meta Tag Denoising Disposal

Web page classification is critical for information retrieval. Most web page classification methods have the following two faults: (1) need to analyze based on the overall web page and (2) do not pay enough attention to the existence of noise information inside the web page, which will thus decrease the efficiency and classification performance, especially when classifying the contaminated web page. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a denoising disposal algorithm. We choose the top-down method for hierarchical classification to improve the prediction efficiency. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is about 7 times faster than the full-page method and achieves good classification results in most categories. The precision of 7 parent categories is all above 88% and is 24% higher than the other meta tag-based method on average.

The Catenae and the Septuagint

During the time of Procopius (sixth century), the catenae arranged the sacred text in the same way as the Christian commentaries before them: the Septuagint is quoted verse by verse and occupies the first position; the commentary then comes below it. This layout can be called a full-page disposition. Sometime during the second half of the seventh century the full-page model began to be replaced by a marginal layout. The reference unit is not the single folio, but the whole surface constituted by two following folios facing one other: first a given even folio, second the corresponding odd folio. The biblical text is written in the centre of each of these two folios; and the fragments of the catenae are written around it, in the upper margin, the lateral margin, and the lower margin. This marginal layout developed out of the two-column layout, in which the left column gives the biblical text and the right one, the fragments. This layout comes from the scholia. It is preserved in a few manuscripts, such as the Coislinianus 360 and the Vaticanus Barberinianus gr. 455. Witnesses of the marginal layout are numerous in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. From the twelfth century to the end of Byzantium in the fifteenth, there was a return to the full-page layout. Besides the layout, the writing system emphasized the biblical text. Several arrangements are found, for instance the biblical text can be written with uppercase letters, whereas the catena uses lowercase. A most important aspect of these catenae is the form of the text of the Septuagint that is given in the catenae. As a rule, the compilers gave the text of the Septuagint in use in their monasteries or churches at the time of the compilation. But, in the extracts of the patristic authors, the quotations of the Scriptures are not aligned with this reference text. All in all, there are very few studies of the biblical text of the catenae. Much work remains to be done. Some of the compilers had a great interest in Biblical glosses, as well as in Jewish revisions. It is time for a new publication of Lexeis of the 150 Psalms, the first edition of Joseph Pasini is now dated (1749). And the catenae offer many unpublished readings coming from Origen’s Hexapla.

Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala

The Andean chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala and his Nueva corónica y buen gobierno stand at the intersection of the study of the Andean world of the past and that of Latin America in the present. Written in the early 17th century, the Nueva corónica y buen gobierno is both colonial and postcolonial: created in the Spanish colonial past of the Peruvian viceroyalty it reflects on the society of its day; read from the postcolonial perspective of the present, its concerns have never been more current. As a long-ago antecedent of the testimonial literature of today, Guaman Poma combines the resonances of Andean oral traditions and European written sources. As a testimony to the lifeways of the Andean past and Guaman Poma’s Spanish colonial present, there are few sources like it. Its 399 full-page drawings speak louder than its 800 pages of Quechua-inflected prose, and its images of Inca-era history and practices are followed by a unique pictorial account of life in the Peruvian viceroyalty that depicts the activities of all the castes and classes of colonial society. The life of Guaman Poma has been a topic of considerable interest. His presence in the archival documentary record as well as his work as an artist for the first version of the Mercedarian friar Martín de Murúa’s history of the Incas are key points of access to his experience. The Nueva corónica y buen gobierno offers new and ongoing challenges to research and teaching in such fields as history, art history, environmental studies, linguistics, and literary and cultural studies in Andeanist, Latin Americanist, and postcolonialist perspectives. Guaman Poma’s account reveals how social roles and identities could evolve under colonial rule over the course of a single individual’s lifetime. As a speaker of indigenous languages who learned Spanish, and thus called an “indio ladino” by the colonizers, Guaman Poma’s Quechua-inflected Spanish prose may present reading challenges but his 399 drawings welcome casual as well as scholarly and student readers into the rooms and onto the roadways of the multiethnic—Andean, African, Spanish, and Spanish creole—society that he inhabited.

JOANNA LEE (b. 1982)Your Little Voice (2001)

This chapter discusses Joanna Lee’s Your Little Voice (2001). This is an early but typical example of Lee’s work. Full of innovative quirks and wild contrasts in character, it is a perfect choice for singers wishing to try ‘avant-garde’ repertoire for the first time. They will surely revel in the experience, and not find it as daunting as feared. A tuning fork will be helpful at the start, and later also if needed to recall pitches after instances of speaking or whispering. A full-page glossary makes everything clear, but still leaves room for personal interpretative input. Verbal descriptions for the myriad vocal styles requested are encapsulated acutely. Rhythms are also notated strictly, with traditional time signatures; indeed, maintaining momentum and a discernible pulse is a distinctive and important aspect.