Perbandingan Potensi Daun Ketepeng dan Minyak Ikan Lemuru sebagai Agensia Reduksi Metan dalam Memperbaiki Kualitas Pakan Ternak Ruminansia

<p><em>Th</em><em>e</em><em> research </em><em>wa</em><em>s done</em><em> to study the potential of ketepeng leaf meal and lemuru fish oil as agents to reduce methane production</em><em>. The composition of feed supplements, lamtoro leave meal (LLM), urea (U) and mollases (M) </em><em>were </em><em>in different ratios</em><em>:</em><em> 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7 and ketepeng</em><em> leaf</em><em> meal (DKM) and lemuru fish oil (MIL). The feed supplement was added to the native grass as a basal diet</em><em>,</em><em> P1: U: M = 1:5, DKM, P2: U: M = 1:5, MIL, P3: U: M = 1:6, DKM, P4: U: M = 1:6, MIL, P5: U: M = 1:7, DKM, P6: U: M = 1:7, MIL. </em><em>R</em><em>esearch </em><em>was </em><em>done with in vitro gas technique. </em><em>I</em><em>noculum </em><em>was taken from </em><em>rumen fluid </em><em>of</em><em> a </em><em>fistulated </em><em>male cow</em><em>,</em><em> </em><em>which was taken</em><em> before feed</em><em>ing</em><em> in the morning. </em><em>R</em><em>umen fluid pH </em><em>did not </em><em>significant</em><em>ly</em><em> different, </em><em>indicating</em><em> the microbial fermentation in rumen run well and normally </em><em>we</em><em>re not affected by the treatment. </em><em>The VFA</em><em> production</em><em> of</em><em> P5 and P6</em><em> was significantly lower than</em><em> P1, P2, P3 and P4 </em><em>(</em><em>P &lt;0.05). Production of C2 and C3</em><em> were</em><em> relatively the same except </em><em>for</em><em> P6 (P &lt;0.05) </em><em>which relative higher</em><em>. </em><em>Ratio of</em><em> C2/C3 and inversely related C3, </em><em>when </em><em>C3 production </em><em>increased the </em><em>C2/C3 ratio </em><em>decreased </em><em>(P &lt;0.05)</em><em>. M</em><em>ethane production </em><em>of</em><em> P6 </em><em>was higher but did not</em><em> different </em><em>with</em><em> P4 and P5. </em><em>It can be concluded that</em><em> diet </em><em>which </em><em>produced low methane </em><em>was</em><em> the native grass supplemented with urea and molases at ratio 1: 5 </em><em>contained either </em><em>ketepeng lea</em><em>f</em><em> meal </em><em>or</em><em> lemuru fish oil. </em><em></em></p><p><em><br /> <strong>Key</strong></em><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words</em></strong><em>: native grass, supplement, ketepeng leaf meal, lemuru fish oil, methane production</em><em>.</em></p>

Perbandingan Potensi Daun Ketepeng dan Minyak Ikan Lemuru sebagai Agensia Reduksi Metan dalam Memperbaiki Kualitas Pakan Ternak Ruminansia

<p><em>Th</em><em>e</em><em> research </em><em>wa</em><em>s done</em><em> to study the potential of ketepeng leaf meal and lemuru fish oil as agents to reduce methane production</em><em>. The composition of feed supplements, lamtoro leave meal (LLM), urea (U) and mollases (M) </em><em>were </em><em>in different ratios</em><em>:</em><em> 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7 and ketepeng</em><em> leaf</em><em> meal (DKM) and lemuru fish oil (MIL). The feed supplement was added to the native grass as a basal diet</em><em>,</em><em> P1: U: M = 1:5, DKM, P2: U: M = 1:5, MIL, P3: U: M = 1:6, DKM, P4: U: M = 1:6, MIL, P5: U: M = 1:7, DKM, P6: U: M = 1:7, MIL. </em><em>R</em><em>esearch </em><em>was </em><em>done with in vitro gas technique. </em><em>I</em><em>noculum </em><em>was taken from </em><em>rumen fluid </em><em>of</em><em> a </em><em>fistulated </em><em>male cow</em><em>,</em><em> </em><em>which was taken</em><em> before feed</em><em>ing</em><em> in the morning. </em><em>R</em><em>umen fluid pH </em><em>did not </em><em>significant</em><em>ly</em><em> different, </em><em>indicating</em><em> the microbial fermentation in rumen run well and normally </em><em>we</em><em>re not affected by the treatment. </em><em>The VFA</em><em> production</em><em> of</em><em> P5 and P6</em><em> was significantly lower than</em><em> P1, P2, P3 and P4 </em><em>(</em><em>P &lt;0.05). Production of C2 and C3</em><em> were</em><em> relatively the same except </em><em>for</em><em> P6 (P &lt;0.05) </em><em>which relative higher</em><em>. </em><em>Ratio of</em><em> C2/C3 and inversely related C3, </em><em>when </em><em>C3 production </em><em>increased the </em><em>C2/C3 ratio </em><em>decreased </em><em>(P &lt;0.05)</em><em>. M</em><em>ethane production </em><em>of</em><em> P6 </em><em>was higher but did not</em><em> different </em><em>with</em><em> P4 and P5. </em><em>It can be concluded that</em><em> diet </em><em>which </em><em>produced low methane </em><em>was</em><em> the native grass supplemented with urea and molases at ratio 1: 5 </em><em>contained either </em><em>ketepeng lea</em><em>f</em><em> meal </em><em>or</em><em> lemuru fish oil. </em><em></em></p><p><em><br /> <strong>Key</strong></em><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>words</em></strong><em>: native grass, supplement, ketepeng leaf meal, lemuru fish oil, methane production</em><em>.</em></p>

Electrolyte Leakage and Evolution of Ethylene and Ethane from Pepper Leaf Disks Following Temperature Stress and Fatty Acid Infiltration

Electrolyte leakage (EL) and ethane: ethylene ratio (EER) responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. `Early Calwonder') leaf disks to temperature stresses were in close agreement. Midpoints of sigmoidal response curves following freezing stress were -4.6 and -4.4C for EL and EER, respectively, and 49.0 and 48.7C following high-temperature stress. Leaf disks exposed to temperatures below -4C in freezing experiments were induced to freeze while disks held at -4C and higher avoided freezing by supercooling. Evolution of ethane and EL were measured from disks infiltrated with a saturation series of 18-C fatty acids ranging from 0 to 3 double bonds. Only cis-9,12,15 linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) stimulated ethane production and EL. In a second fatty acid experiment with 18 and 20-C acids with a double bond 3 (n-3) or 6 (n-6) carbons from the nonpolar end of the molecule, n-3 fatty acids stimulated more ethane than n-6 acids with the same number of carbons. Trienoic 18-C fatty acids stimulated more ethane than trienoic 20-C acids. Both 18-C trienoic acids yielded significantly greater EL, while values from 20-C fatty acids were only slightly higher than those of controls. Propyl gallate, a free radical scavenger, reduced ethane production without decreasing EL or K+ leakage.

ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE AND EVOLUTION OF ETHYLENE AND ETHANE FROM PEPPER LEAF DISKS FOLLOWING TEMPERATURE STRESS AND FATTY ACID INFILTRATION

Electrolyte leakage (EL) and ethane:ethylene ratio (EER) responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Early Calwonder) leaf disks to temperature stresses were in close agreement. Midpoints of sigmoidal response curves following freezing stress were -4.6 and -4.4C for EL and EER, and 49.0 and 48.8C following high temperature stress. Evolution of ethane and EL were measured from disks infiltrated with a saturation series of 18-carbon fatty acids ranging from 0 to 3 double bonds. Only linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) stimulated ethane production and EL. In a second fatty acid experiment with 18- and 20-carbon acids with a double bond 3 (n-3) or 6 (n-6) carbons from the nonpolar end of the molecule, n-3 fatty acids stimulated more ethane than n-6 acids with the same number of carbons. Trienoic 18-carbon fatty acids stimulated more ethane than trienoic 20-carbon acids. Both 18-carbon acids yielded significantly greater EL than controls. Propyl gallate, a free radical scavenger, reduced ethane production without decreasing EL or K+ leakage.

Ethane production rate in vivo is reduced with dietary restriction

Dietary restriction without malnutrition prolongs life and has a beneficial effect on age-related diseases and metabolic derangements. To test the effect of food restriction on ethane production rate, ethane exhalation was measured in rats with partial food restriction. Ethane production rate in room air in rats fed 60% of food consumed by ad libitum-fed animals for 2 wk was significantly reduced (3.50 +/- 0.25 vs. 5.21 +/- 0.34 pmol.min-1.100 g body wt-1, P less than 0.01). In 100% oxygen, ethane production in food-restricted rats was not different from that of ad libitum-fed rats (21.81 +/- 1.25 vs. 19.57 +/- 1.89 pmol.min-1.100 g-1). Fifteen hours of fasting compared with ad libitum feeding reduced ethane production modestly in room air (4.37 +/- 0.45 vs. 5.21 +/- 0.34 pmol.min-1.100 g-1) and more significantly in 100% oxygen (12.37 +/- 0.78 vs. 19.57 +/- 1.89 pmol.min-1.100 g-1). Thus, in 100% oxygen, 15 h of fasting, compared with ad libitum feeding, resulted in an approximately 40% decrease in ethane production rate. It is concluded that short-term food restriction significantly reduces ethane exhalation rate in rats when measured in room air.