A New Class of Autopoietic and Cognitive Machines

Making computing machines mimic living organisms has captured the imagination of many since the dawn of digital computers. However, today’s artificial intelligence technologies fall short of replicating even the basic autopoietic and cognitive behaviors found in primitive biological systems. According to Charles Darwin, the difference in mind between humans and higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind. Autopoiesis refers to the behavior of a system that replicates itself and maintains identity and stability while facing fluctuations caused by external influences. Cognitive behaviors model the system’s state, sense internal and external changes, analyze, predict and take action to mitigate any risk to its functional fulfillment. How did intelligence evolve? what is the relationship between the mind and body? Answers to these questions should guide us to infuse autopoietic and cognitive behaviors into digital machines. In this paper, we show how to use the structural machine to build a cognitive reasoning system that integrates the knowledge from various digital symbolic and sub-symbolic computations. This approach is analogous to how the neocortex repurposed the reptilian brain and paves the path for digital machines to mimic living organisms using an integrated knowledge representation from different sources.

Evolution by Sexual Selection

Charles Darwin published his second book “Sexual selection and the descent of man” in 1871 150 years ago, to try to explain, amongst other things, the evolution of the peacock’s train, something that he famously thought was problematic for his theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that the peacock’s train had evolved because females preferred to mate with males with more elaborate trains. This idea was very controversial at the time and it wasn’t until 1991 that a manuscript testing Darwin’s hypothesis was published. The idea that a character could arise as a result of a female preference is still controversial. Some argue that there is no need to distinguish sexual from natural selection and that natural selection can adequately explain the evolution of extravagant characteristics that are characteristic of sexually selected species. Here, I outline the reasons why I think that this is not the case and that Darwin was right to distinguish sexual selection as a distinct process. I present a simple verbal and mathematical model to expound the view that sexual selection is profoundly different from natural selection because, uniquely, it can simultaneously promote and maintain the genetic variation which fuels evolutionary change. Viewed in this way, sexual selection can help resolve other evolutionary conundrums, such as the evolution of sexual reproduction, that are characterised by having impossibly large costs and no obvious immediate benefits and which have baffled evolutionary biologists for a very long time. If sexual selection does indeed facilitate rapid adaptation to a changing environment as I have outlined, then it is very important that we understand the fundamentals of adaptive mate choice and guard against any disruption to this natural process.

Contextualizando The descent of man, de Charles Darwin: debates calorosos persistem após 150 anos de sua publicação

O presente artigo faz uma discussão do livro de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, de 1871, cuja primeira edição completa 150 anos de publicação em 2021. Embora tão famoso, e importante, quanto A origem das espécies, o Descent é, contudo, menos lido e o mais controvertido livro de Darwin, desde seu lançamento até os dias atuais. Os objetivos são o de recolher aspectos do contexto em que o livro foi escrito e problematizar algumas das questões polêmicas que o cercam. Para isso, inicialmente, por aproximações aos estudos de Darwin publicados a partir dos anos 1980, a abordagem historiográfica adotada é caracterizada como pós-positivista, contextualista e enriquecida por teorias multiculturais do conhecimento. O escopo e objetivos do Descent são apresentados, tendo em vista seu autor como representante da elite intelectual inglesa do século XIX. A seleção das polêmicas vivas hoje ocorreu em dois fóruns acadêmicos de 2021, uma disciplina sobre Darwin e um congresso internacional de estudos metacientíficos da biologia. As polêmicas foram reunidas em três grupos: 1) a escola craniométrica e a hierarquia das raças e civilizações; 2) a seleção sexual e os estereótipos culturais de gênero; 3) a seleção natural no âmbito humano e os movimentos eugênicos. As conclusões são desenhadas em convergência com os achados da historiografia recente, reconhecendo que a construção da teoria evolucionista de Darwin se deu na interação de mão dupla entre a ciência e a cultura, como é da natureza da construção de todo conhecimento científico. O seu trabalho teórico reflete elementos da sociedade vitoriana, com a qual o naturalista compartilhava as virtudes e os vícios.

A expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais, de Charles Darwin: algumas considerações

Como é sabido, a obra mais conhecida de Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) é o Origin of species (1859) que teve seis edições. Contudo, ele publicou também outras obras, dentre elas, The expression of the emotions in man and animals (1872). Nesta obra, ele tratou de aspectos comportamentais de antepassados primitivos do homem e outros animais, segundo os mecanismos evolutivos propostos no Origin of species (1859). O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir sobre alguns aspectos relacionados à mesma. Nesse sentido, comentaremos brevemente sobre seu conteúdo, traduções, edições e alguns desdobramentos posteriores. Este estudo levou à conclusão de que The expression of the emotions in man and animals foi relevante no conjunto de obras de Darwin, considerando a grande quantidade de impressões e traduções para os diferentes idiomas dessa obra. Além disso, levando em conta a repercussão das ideias nela contidas em estudos posteriores como aqueles feitos por Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) e Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988) e suas contribuições para a emergência da disciplina Etologia, voltada ao estudo do comportamento animal, na década de 1960.

A Historical Perspective of Bladderworts (Utricularia): Traps, Carnivory and Body Architecture

The genus Utricularia includes around 250 species of carnivorous plants, commonly known as bladderworts. The generic name Utricularia was coined by Carolus Linnaeus in reference to the carnivorous organs (Utriculus in Latin) present in all species of the genus. Since the formal proposition by Linnaeus, many species of Utricularia were described, but only scarce information about the biology for most species is known. All Utricularia species are herbs with vegetative organs that do not follow traditional models of morphological classification. Since the formal description of Utricularia in the 18th century, the trap function has intrigued naturalists. Historically, the traps were regarded as floating organs, a common hypothesis that was maintained by different botanists. However, Charles Darwin was most likely the first naturalist to refute this idea, since even with the removal of all traps, the plants continued to float. More recently, due mainly to methodological advances, detailed studies on the trap function and mechanisms could be investigated. This review shows a historical perspective on Utricularia studies which focuses on the traps and body organization.

Evolução da fisiologia vegetal segundo Charles Darwin: revisão

Charles Darwin dedicou mais de 20 anos de sua vida a uma variedade de investigações em plantas superiores (angiospermas). Foi implicitamente assumido que estes estudos nas áreas de botânica descritiva e experimental fisiologia vegetal foram realizadas para corroborar seu princípio de descida com modificação. No entanto, seu filho, Francis Darwin, que era biólogo vegetal profissional, apontou que os interesses de seu pai eram ambos de um de natureza fisiológica e evolutiva. Neste trabalho, descrevemos o trabalho de Darwin sobre a fisiologia das plantas de uma perspectiva moderna. Com base em uma revisão de vários campos de investigação, deduzimos a existência de uma abordagem darwiniana (evolucionária) à fisiologia vegetal e definimos esta disciplina científica emergente como o estudo experimental e análise teórica das funções do verde, séssil organismos de uma perspectiva filogenética.

A New Class of Autopoietic and Cognitive Machines

Making computing machines mimic living organisms has captured the imagination of many since the dawn of digital computers. However, today’s artificial intelligence technologies fall short in replicating even the basic autopoietic and cognitive behaviors found in primitive biological systems. According Charles Darwin, the difference in mind between humans and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind. Autopoiesis refers to the behavior of a system that replicates itself and maintains its own identity and stability while facing fluctuations caused by external influences. Cognitive behaviors model the system’s state, sense internal and external changes, analyze, predict and take action to mitigate any risk to its functional fulfilment. How did intelligence evolve? what is the relationship between the mind and body? Answers to these questions should guide us to infuse autopoietic and cognitive behaviors into digital machines. In this paper we use recent advances in our understanding of general theory of information, and the role of structures in managing the transformations between information and knowledge to pave the path to infuse autopoietic and cognitive functions into digital computing and build a new class of intelligent machines going beyond the current state of the art.