Parenting of 1.5 generation Chinese Americans’ parents: A case study

Individuals who arrive in a new country during their childhood and early adolescence are referred to as the 1.5 generation. In this exploratory case study, five Chinese families were interviewed and examined about the effects of their parenting styles on those 1.5 generation Chinese American students. Findings revealed that these parents’ parenting styles—educational values, educational practices, and family dynamics—have exerted a great impact on the students’ academic performance, psychological well-being, and adaptation to their life in the US. Insights about comparisons between American and Chinese education will be inspiring to educators and scholars for culturally comparative analysis and mental health practitioners working with the adolescents of this ethnicity and their families.

Immigrant Legal Status Disparities in Health Among First- and One-point-five-Generation Latinx Immigrants in California

Restrictive US immigration laws and law enforcement undermine immigrant health by generating fear and stress, disrupting families and communities, and eroding social and economic wellbeing. The inequality and stress created by immigration law and law enforcement may also generate disparities in health among immigrants with different legal statuses. However, existing research does not find consistent evidence of immigrant legal status disparities in health, possibly because it does not disaggregate immigrants by generation, defined by age at migration. Immigration and life course theory suggest that the health consequences of non-citizen status may be greater among 1.5-generation immigrants, who grew up in the same society that denies them formal membership, than among the 1st generation, who immigrated as adolescents or adults. In this study, we examine whether there are legal status disparities in health within and between the 1st generation and the 1.5 generation of 23,288 Latinx immigrant adults interviewed in the 2005–2017 waves of the California Health Interview Survey. We find evidence of legal status disparities in heart disease within the 1st generation and for high blood pressure and diabetes within the 1.5 generation. Non-citizens have higher rates of poor self-rated health and distress within both generations. Socioeconomic disadvantage and limited access to care largely account for the worse health of legally disadvantaged 1st- and 1.5-generation Latinx adults in California.

“I can come up with more things when I’m happy, or especially when I’m angry”

This study examines language preferences to express anger and happiness among 15 Russian Australians belonging to the 1.5 generation, who acquired Russian as first language (L1) and English as second language (L2), after migration during childhood. While most research into these topics has focused on L1-dominant bilinguals, this study offers a novel perspective, as 1.5-generation migrants are generally L2-dominant or multidominant (L1+L2-dominant), and possibly L1 attriters. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and underwent qualitative thematic analyses. From the results it emerges that these speakers mostly express emotions in the L2 or both languages, in line with their language dominance, but their choices do not seem to relate to language emotionality, as the L1 maintains the highest emotional resonance for them. While research on multilinguals’ expression of emotions has mainly focused on anger, this study calls attention to the expression of happiness, and points to the importance of L2-dominant and multidominant multilinguals.

TRANSMISI MEMORI PERISTIWA 1965 DALAM NOVEL PULANG DAN AMBA/THE 1965 MEMORY TRANSMISSION IN PULANG AND AMBA NOVEL

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan transmisi memori peristiwa 65 dari generasi pertama ke post-generasi dalam karya sastra. Metode penelitian yang digunakan, yakni deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian postmemory Marianne Hirch. Sumber data penelitian adalah novel Pulang karya Leila S. Chudori dan Amba karya Laksmi Pamuntjak. Data penelitiannya adalah frasa, kalimat, atau paragraf yang merepresentasikan gambaran generasi pertama dan post-generasi, proses transmisi memori, dan rekonstruksi memori. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik interaktif, yaitu dengan cara reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat tiga generasi dalam proses transmisi memori, yaitu generasi pertama sebagai tokoh yang mengalami peristiwa 65 secara langsung, generasi 1.5 dan kedua sebagai penerima transmisi memori; (2) familial postmemory dilakukan melalui garis keturunan keluarga dan afiliative postmemory melalui buku, museum, foto, surat pribadi, dokumen sejarah, dan narasi yang berkembang di masyarakat; (3) konstruksi memori oleh tokoh post-generasi yang diwujudkan dengan penerimaan maupun penolakan. Penerimaan memunculkan rasa trauma, was-was, atau perubahan identitas yang mirip dengan generasi pertama. Sementara itu, sikap penolakan menempatkan cerita sebagai mitos yang sudah kedaluwarsa. Kata kunci: post-memori, generasi pertama, post-generasi, peristiwa 65 AbstractThis study aims to explain the memory transmission of events from the first generation to the post-generation in literary works. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. This research is a postmemory study of Marianne Hirch. The source of the research data is the novel Pulang by Leila S. Schudori and Amba by Laksmi Pamuntjak. The research data are phrases, sentences, or paragraphs that represent first-generation and post-generation descriptions, memory transmission processes, and memory reconstruction. The data analysis technique used interactive techniques, namely by way of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are (1) there are three generations in the memory transmission process, namely the first generation as a character who experiences events directly, the 1.5 generation and the second as a memory transmission receiver; (2) familial postmemory is carried out through family lineages and affiliative postmemory through books, museums, photos, personal letters, historical documents, and narratives that develop in society; (3) memory construction by postgeneration figures which is realized by acceptance or rejection. Acceptance creates a sense of trauma, anxiety, or a change of identity similar to that of the first generation. Meanwhile, the attitude of rejection places the story as an outdated myth. Keywords: postmemory, first generation, post-generation, event 65