The effects of mineral treatment and the amendments by organic and organomineral fertilisers on the crop yield, plant nutrient status and soil properties

The studies were carried out as a pot experiment comprised of mineral treatments with farmyard manure, slurry and liquid organomineral fertiliser (Damishum) and finally the unfertilised control. Mineral fertilisation and liquid organomineral fertiliser better affected the crop yield in comparison with organic treatments in the first year of the experiment, whereas in the subsequent two years with a consecutive affect of organic fertilisers. According to the expectations the biggest nitrogen concentrations were found in crops receiving mineral treatment and organomineral fertiliser. Phosphorus content depended on crop species and applied fertiliser. Potassium and magnesium contents immediately after treatment were the highest in the objects receiving organic treatment (farmyard manure and slurry). In the subsequent years no visible tendency in both element contents was noticed. Among the cultivated crops rape revealed the biggest amounts of cadmium in the above ground parts. Lead concentrations in the above ground parts of the cultivated crop did not reveal any diversification among the objects. Copper accumulated mainly in the crop root systems, except rape, whereas zinc concentration depended on the plant species and applied fertilisation. The treatment caused a decrease in the soil pH and an increase in hydrolytic acidity value. Mineral and organomineral fertilisation caused a pronounced decline in organic carbon content in the soil, whereas farmyard manure raised it. Similar dependencies were found for the total nitrogen concentrations. The applied treatment increased the contents of mobile forms of cadmium, lead and zinc but had no significant effect on changes of mobile copper form contents.

Silver and Gold NMR

Silver and gold, together with copper, form the transition metal group IB elements in the periodic table and possess very different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic properties. While there is only one gold isotope (A197u) , which has a spin of 3/2 and therefore a quadrupole moment, silver occurs in two isotopic forms (A107g and A109g ), both of which have a spin 12 and similar NMR spectroscopic properties. The unfavorable properties of gold have prevented its NMR spectroscopic investigation thus far. On the other hand, there are several reports of silver NMR. However, the low sensitivity of silver, combined with its long relaxation times have rendered the direct detection of silver possible only with concentrations greater than a few tenth molar. Reviewed here are the general limitations of silver NMR and some techniques to partially overcome these limitations, as well as a summary of currently available chemical shift and scalar coupling data on A109g .