Systematic Review of Interruption and Redirection Procedures for Autistic Individuals

Interruption and redirection (IR) procedures involve systematically disrupting an undesirable behavior and prompting an individual to engage in an alternative behavior (e.g., Ahearn et al., 2007). These procedures have been frequently assessed for reducing stereotypy for autistic individuals. The purposes of this review were to determine (a) for whom and under what conditions physical and verbal IR procedures are assessed; (b) what outcomes are measured; (c) whether results vary by intervention characteristics, dependent variable types, design quality, and publication status; and (d) the extent to which generalization and maintenance outcomes are measured and show positive effects. IR interventions were moderately successful for reducing stereotypy but were less effective for improving appropriate vocalizations and functional engagement. Generalization and maintenance outcomes, when measured, were poor. Results indicate the need for alternative or augmentative procedures that focus on engagement in meaningful interactions and activities.

Enhancing Self-Monitoring with Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior for Increasing Students’ Writing Production

Many students find writing aversive and behave in ways to escape the task. Self-monitoring and differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior (DNRA) are two approaches that have been shown to improve the quantity of writing performance but have never been combined to determine whether they are more effective in combination than in isolation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the differential effectiveness of self-monitoring versus self-monitoring plus DNRA for increasing the number of words and sentences written using a multiple probe design across three participants during two 10-minute sessions. For each baseline session, participants were given a story starter prompt to write as much as they could, received a short break, and then the second 10-minute session would begin. Self-monitoring indicated an increase in a number of words written and an unstable but slightly higher trend in a number of sentences written for one participant. The other two participants showed decreasing trends in both the number of words and sentences written during self-monitoring. Results of self-monitoring plus DNRA indicated an increase in a number of words and sentences written for one participant, while the other two participants showed little to no improvement. Areas for future research, limitations, and implications for practice are discussed.

On Alternativity as a Notion in Science and Modern Media

This article reviews the attempt to study the notion of alternativity in various fields of knowledge. This generalization is necessary for classifying alternativity as a phenomenon. This will give researchers further boost in the studies of alternative media. The research of alternative media has been carried out for more than 5 years by the Academy of Media Industry and the media department of HSE University in Moscow. Alternativity is understood by the author as the necessity of choice between several ways that sometimes contradict one another. The author reviews philosophic concepts and elements of alternativity in modern science. Special attention is paid to the issues of alternativity in history, linguistics and natural science. During the analysis the focus is held on the works by J.Habermas and other researchers that viewed the opportunity to create communicative rationale through the elements of various opposing theories which is important for the media analysis. This aims to trace models and principles that could be useful to analyze modern alternative media in online environment. After the analysis of alternative components from various fields of science the author determines key factors that influence the formation of the personal alternative behavior. Here are some of them: the choice to differentiate between correct and false statements, acquiring its own experience through reasoning, the desire for a constant interaction with the people in various forms on various topics, the use of the successful innovations from various scientific concepts, the use of elements that change personal behavior, the desire to relax and seek freedom in alternative virtual word, the necessity to look for new knowledge, facts, figures in the ever-changing environment. Keywords; alternativity, alternative media, metaphysics, eclecticism, audience, individual, linguistics, communication

DESVIACIÓN DEL CURSO CAUSAL E IMPRUDENCIA INCONSCIENTE

En el presente trabajo se estudian diversos problemas del tipo penal: las consecuencias sistemáticas de la ausencia de tipo subjetivo en la imprudencia inconsciente, la diferencia entre imputación objetiva e imputación al dolo en las desviaciones del curso causal y la realización del riesgo en resultado en caso de comportamiento alternativo conforme a Derecho.In the present paper we discuss the systematic consequences of the absence of mens rea in the unconscious negligence, the difference between dolus eventualis and negligence in the deviations of the causal course, and the realization of the risk in the result in cases of alternative behavior according to Law.