Humanitarian Vector
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Published By Transbaikal State University

2542-0038, 1996-7853

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Konstantinova Natalia N. ◽  

The article deals with scientific and educational activity of Alexander Vasilyevich Konstantinov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, chairman of Transbaikal Branch of the Russian Geographical Society on the occasion of his 65th anniversary. The scientist’s contribution to the historical science of the region, especially to the study of its ancient history is presented and his role in the development of education, including the training of teachers in Transbaikal region is assessed in the paper.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  

The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Kalinichenko Alexander L. ◽  

Russian Army and Border guard Colonel Fyodor Fyodorovich Tyutchev (1860–1916), a well – known chronicler of the Russian army and the border guard, served in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.The purpose of the publication is a comprehensive description of the stay in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904– 1905. The work used sources that had not been previously introduced into scientific circulation, which allowed analyzing the formation of F. F. Tyutchev as a military professional, as well as concretizing the literary and aesthetic concept of the writer. Russian-Japanese War correspondent F. F. Tyutchev, being a correspondent of the newspaper Novoe Vremya, promptly transmitted “hot” information about the affairs of the Russian army to the editorial office. The writer collecting material for future literary works talked with the participants of the Japanese campaign, valuing the opportunity to have conversations not only with the lower ranks who were on the front line but also with the generals whose decisions the outcome of hostilities sometimes depended on. According to the works by Fyodor Fedorovich, we can judge not only the events that took place in the Far East but also analyze the writer’s civil and author’s position, investigate his philosophical beliefs on what is happening, clarify his thoughts, compare the assessments given to him from what he saw and experienced in the war. The presented article develops scientific ideas and traditions in the field of national historiography, generalizing and analyzing individual, previously unknown materials about the Russian-Japanese war and its participants. F. F. Tyutchev, being on the staff of the 1st Argun regiment not only participated in the fighting but also proved himself as a talented artist of the word, conveying the truth of the Japanese campaign in his writings, creating a portrait gallery of the personnel of the regiments of the Trans-Baikal Cossack army.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Batunaev Eduard V. ◽  

For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Kondratenko Victoria A. ◽  

The article analyzes the role of women’s gymnasiums in the city of Chita in public education system of the Trans-Baikal Region of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, based on documents from the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. The author considers the main aspects of the activities of educational institutions: the problems of the creation and existence of female gymnasiums, the organization and content of the educational process, the material base, and also pays attention to the issue of training teachers for secondary educational institutions. The analysis of the level of knowledge of the topic, the content of archival funds is carried out. The research methodology is based on the application of the method of functional analysis, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study is presented by the reporting documentation of the gymnasiums, including design and estimate, for different years of their existence, correspondence of superiors with higher officials on the organization of the educational process and others. The article is illustrated with a large volume of photographic materials – photographs of the commanding persons, students and educational buildings of the indicated educational institutions. However, in spite of a sufficient number of archival documents, the researchers did not submit extensive work on the activities of women’s gymnasiums in the Trans-Baikal region. At the end of the article, the author provides an assessment of the activities of the Chita women’s gymnasiums. The study is timed to celebrate two anniversaries: the 115th anniversary of the opening of the Second Women’s Gymnasium (1906) and the 110th anniversary of the Private Women’s Gymnasium of O. M. Tsinbal-Miklashevskaya (1911).


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-77
Author(s):  
Lyasovich Vsevolod I. ◽  

One of the important directions in the study of military affairs of the Pyanobor culture is the study of weapon sets. A set of weapons means armaments in a specific closed complex. Their study allows us to understand the degree of the population’s armament, its diversity, the demand for certain types of weapons. The problem of the research lies in the fact that such conclusions were made on the basis of an analysis of complexes with weapons from only one burial ground. It was for this reason that the decision was made to analyze the larger-scale necropolis of the Pyanobor culture, in which the number of those buried with items of weapons significantly exceeds those previously studied. This was the Kushulevsky III burial ground. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze sets of weapons for male burials at the Kushulevsky III burial ground. It is also necessary to compare the data obtained on the weapon sets of the Kushulevsky III burial ground with the necropolises already studied in a similar way: the Okhlebininsky Kara-Abyz culture and the Yuldashevsky Pyanobor culture. It will be fundamentally important to identify the types of arrowheads from the burials of the Kushulevsky III burial ground.An explanatory model for reducing the number of horse bridle sets in military burials of the Pyanobor culture is also presented. In the specialized literature, these theoretical conclusions are described for the first time, which determines the novelty of this work. This work was made possible by the use of statistical calculations, the comparative historical method, as well as the methods of chronology and typology. The use of these techniques made it possible to establish the number of weapons items, their types, types of weapon sets, chronology, etc. The result of the work performed was a demonstration of the proximity of the weapon sets of the Pyanobor and Kara-Abyz cultures. In some cases, certain categories of weapons predominate, for example, bone arrowheads. In bladed weapons, the single-edged combat knife is the most used. In the same category of weapons, there is an electiveness and singularity of swords hitting the drunken population. The combination of a combat knife with a bow or spear forms a standardized complex of weapons of the Pyanobor culture.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Urangua Khereid Jamsran ◽  
◽  
Polyanskayа Oksana N. ◽  

The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more objective approach to this process.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Chernyshov Sergey A. ◽  

The article reconstructs individual characteristics of the subjects of the initial colonization of Siberia and the Far East and episodes of their advance to new lands. The main methodological approach of the research is the principle of historicism, as well as the principle of “activity constitutes”, widespread in psychological science, according to which identical activities and external conditions should give rise to similar worldview systems. On the basis of this premise, the possibility of judgments by analogy is substantiated in relation to the motives and goals of the first colonizers of Siberia based on the materials of the development of the Far East by the Russians. On the basis of materials of personal origin, the author examines the strategies of legitimizing individual actions of the pioneers through forcing the factor of external threat, as well as using the idea of “state good”. The colonialists use these arguments as a justification for their own actions in the east. At the same time, the acts of colonization undertaken by them have an adventurous connotation characterized by actions with a pronounced emotional component of the decisions made. The problems of relations with aborigines are considered separately. It is concluded that the idea of “peaceful peasant colonization”, which has a civilizing significance for the local population is untenable, as well as the conventionality of the transition of the aborigines under the authority of the Moscow government, which is fully realized by the pioneers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Mertsalov Victor I. ◽  

In her monograph T. A. Konstantinova investigates the formation and development of archival work in Eastern Transbaikalia over the course of 100 years. The author examined step by step the working conditions, the multilateral activities of archival institutions and, first of all, the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The factual material is new, with a few exceptions. It testifies that the period of formation of archival work in the region lasted from 1917 to 1939, and the period of its development ‒ from 1939 to 1991. The style of the study is characterized by the maximum setting for the facts to speak for themselves. They are presented with a laconic author’s accompaniment. There are only few estimates by T. A. Konstantinova. The volume context is minimal. The chapters’ titles have the context property. The first three chapters reveal the formation of archival affairs in the years when the Soviet government overcame the grave consequences of the Civil War and carried out a deep reconstruction of the country. The last three chapters reflect the development of archiving in the context of a stable state of government. The final chapter covers the period of 1991‒2018. It shows that archival work has not fallen apart together with the Soviet state. It has withstood and rebuilt in the new historical realities. The text and the Appendix of the monograph contain rich material on personalities, identified by the author on the basis of archival data.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Klimova Olga G. ◽  

The study of the socio-cultural activities of entrepreneurs including the history of everyday life as its integral part is one of the important aspects of the study of regional history. The historiography of the history of socio-cultural practices in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not been fully studied yet. The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns of the modern historiographic situation on the basis of understanding the study of the history of socio-cultural practices of business people in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The work used the general methods of scientific knowledge: historicism, logical analysis, deduction and induction, which made it possible to conduct a consistent analysis of the works of researchers, to identify the main characteristics. Modern researchers in their works have raised a number of problems: trends in the development of charity, the scope of investment of donated money, forms of participation in various events, contributions to the development of libraries, museums, schools, orphanages, etc. Historians used quantitative indicators of the participation of entrepreneurs in the social and cultural life of Siberian cities, the motives of the merchants’ charity. The following topics were studied: support for education, participation in the improvement of cities, contribution to the development of culture and museum affairs, financing of expeditions, church and charitable activities, targeted assistance to those in need. In general, and in the conclusions of this article, the expansion of scientific knowledge about the socio-social history of Siberia after the reform period is emphasized, the points of view of historians on the role and place of businessmen in the cultural and social spheres of the life of the region are revealed. Historiographic analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of entrepreneurs to the development of cities, culture, economy, and charity in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage specialists to in-depth study of the history of socio-cultural practices of the Siberian merchants.


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