Spatial Patterns, Opportunities and Determinants of MSMEs Employment in Township

Research is divided into three sections that contribute to analyse the optimization of employment on large productive population in Magelang, First, to identify the spatial pattern and concentration based on MSME’s sector by considering comparative benefits. Secondly, to analyse the opportunity in its association with employments in MSMEs. Thirdly, the determinants of employment in MSMEs based on the field of industry, trading and service. This research employs quantitative approach by using Location Quotient and Economic Base Model as analysis for local and regional economic, as well as multiple linier regression analysis. The research indicates that each area demonstrates distinctive spatial pattern and concentration, in terms of industrial sector, trading and service. The opportunity for employment could be notified from basic employment and basic multiplier that exist in each area. There are certain areas that have high potential in new employments once the jobs are available in the sector of industry, trading and service. The determinants of employment of above three sectors have distinctive behaviour in responding the addition of new MSMEs and the addition of revenue. Hence, the appropriate stimulus could be formulated to optimize absorption of productive labour population based on the findings.

Theorising gendered childhoods and girls’ schooling: Poverty, patriarchy and girls’ education in urban India

This paper offers gendered accounts of girls’ schooling and childhood from urban India. It challenges global ‘girl effect’ narratives by grappling with the interplay of poverty and caste patriarchy and how it shapes families’ struggles and concerns and girls’ (re)productive labour, (un)freedoms and classroom experiences. Moving beyond the notion of ‘multiple childhoods’ it develops a conceptual framework that accounts for the way the state, the market, economic inequalities and local patriarchies inscribe poor girls’ schooling and work. Drawing upon ethnographic work with Class VIII students in a state school it also unpacks girls’ negotiation of classed and casted patriarchies.

The social production of radical space: Machinic labour struggles against digital spatial abstractions

In this article, we explore the antagonism between capital and labour from a distinctive spatial and connective perspective: by examining the tension between the production of digital abstract space in the context of machines and computational automation, and the powerful pushbacks of embodied labour struggles of gig-economy workers advancing alternative connective strategies. Our goal is to advance a spatial approach to digital labour practices capable of grasping the dialectical aspects of digital capitalism that are linked to digital and connective technologies. Contextualized within the recent debate on digital capitalism, we focus on a relational and organizational issue concerned with the logic of connection/disconnection, ambivalent connectivity, hybridization of people and technology, and machinic co-productive labour. We illustrate one of those possible alternative directions by examining the radical space generated by organized gig-economy workers. Pushing against the dematerializing force of Digitalized Management Methods, algorithmic management, and digital black boxes, we concentrate on the role played by workers in mediating principles of alternative connectivity against the general tendency of casualization of work in the gig/digital economy.

HOW EFFECTIVE ARE LABOR WAGES ON LABOR PRODUCTIVITY?: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION ON THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF NEW ZEALAND

This study empirically investigates (for the period of 1983–2017) the relationships between the parameters (labour wage (LW), labour productivity (LP) and unemployment (UNM) rate) of the construction sector in New Zealand. This study employs the Johansen co-integration test to determine if the relationship in the long run does exist among the investigated variables as well as to assess the relationships. The results show that the LW has a positive effect on the LP, while the UNM affects negatively, which indicates that the higher salary, the more productive labour. In other words, increase in salary stimulates the belief of the workforce that they are substantially paid for their work, which ultimately increases their trust and loyalty to the employer; hence, productivity. Moreover, the results show adverse effect of UNM on LP, which indicates that labours may also lose his/her productivity due to fear of losing his/her job. The model stability is verified by Histogram Normality Test, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation, Heteroscedasticity Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey tests. Thus, the forefront of the construction sector is recommended to consider the empirical relationships determined in this study in order to improve the productivity level at various levels.

‘I am a Victorian!’: W. B. Yeats, Modern Manliness and the Problems of Work

Examining his writings up to 1909, this article argues that W. B. Yeats was drawn to a specifically modern notion of masculinity based on a material, athletic ideal of the male body, at odds with the more transcendent principles he otherwise professed and associated with the Renaissance. Moreover, he understood this corporeal archetype of manliness to be fashioned through everyday activities, such as work and sport, which are shown to shape his sense of gender in addition to more-oft examined aspects of his life, such as his occultism or relations with women. As a sedentary writer, however, Yeats struggled to embody the model of active Victorian manliness he idealized. Identifying such anxieties in his early poems and stories, this article traces Yeats’s efforts to reconceptualize his wearisome poetic toil as healthy, productive labour: namely, by assuming Thomas Carlyle’s notion of the writer as ascetic prophet, who cuts himself free from the propagandist verbiage of the mob to deliver a message that is physically potent in its radical sincerity. Rather than representing Yeats as a disembodied, heroic voice, speaking out of a patriarchal, Romantic tradition, this article depicts him as an anxiously masculine, late-Victorian man of letters, struggling with the expectations his own era placed upon the male body.

Revisiting Jeanne Dielman: Autour de Jeanne Dielman (2004), Woman Sitting After Killing (2001) and Akerman’s ‘cinéma de ressassement’

This article revisits Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), seeking to map its nomadic trajectories through different media. I elaborate on Akerman’s notion of a ‘cinéma de ressassement’, a cinema of mulling over or chipping away. Rather than focusing on the film itself, I concentrate on two lesserknown works that explicitly return to Jeanne Dielman, functioning both as works in their own right and as paratexts, revealing the film’s processes in different but corresponding ways: the installation Woman Sitting After Killing, made for the 2001 Venice Biennale, and Autour de Jeanne Dielman, a making-of documentary shot on Portapak by Sami Frey in 1975, edited by Akerman and Agnès Ravez in 2004, and released as a special feature on the Criterion Collection DVD edition of the film. The article contends that these two ‘returns’ to Jeanne Dielman rework the complex temporalities of the film in addition to revisiting its political concerns. Autour de Jeanne Dielman places Jeanne Dielman squarely within a feminist framework through its central positioning of Delphine Seyrig’s feminist discourse. I map the ways in which ressassement exposes the processes of a feminist filmmaking concerned with disrupting ‘chrononormative’ (Elizabeth Freeman) narratives. Building on B. Ruby Rich’s characterization of Akerman’s work as a ‘cinema of correspondence’, ultimately the article asks what counts as productive labour, suggesting that Akerman’s returns to Jeanne Dielman highlight its commitment to feminist and queer failure as a productive working method.

How youth become workers: Identity, inequality and the post-Fordist self

Post-Fordism describes a situation in which precarity and un/underemployment becomes normalised while the requirement for young people to seek subjectivity through work is intensified. In this context, this article draws on interviews with youth living in regions of high youth unemployment to examine how young people create identities as workers. The article shows that young people approach the cultivation of a working self in terms of how the capacity for productive labour contributes to projects of ‘self-realisation’. Classed subjectivities are formed through the different ethics through which young people approach the formation of the self as a worker. This demonstrates how the disciplinary requirements of work contribute to the contemporary experience of class among youth. The article concludes by suggesting that generational shifts in the experience of youth currently associated with employment insecurity can be usefully understood in terms of the dynamics of post-Fordist labouring subjectivities.

Umjetnost u službi generiranja viška vrijednosti – o umjetničkom djelu kao (specifičnom) obliku kapitala

According to one of Marx’s classifications, human labour can be divided into productive and unproductive: productive labour produces and accumulates surplus value, while unproductive does not. In his analysis of the field theory, Pierre Bourdieu implied that, by its very existence, a work of art possesses value that generates the accumulation of capital on the market. In this sense, an artistic artefact is considered to be the result of productive labour. Bourdieu writes that, in the intellectual (artistic, scientific) field, priority is given to the symbolic capital, which can be converted into the economic one at any time. Although it is derived from Marx’s theses, Bourdieu’s concept of capital is not consistently based on the Marxist idea of the exploitation of surplus value. However, the French sociologist admits that all capital is essentially based on the economic one, because all other types of capital can be converted into the economic one, which brings Bourdieu’s theory back into the framework of Marxist economism. Fields are arenas in which participants clash over different types of capital, but they are also spaces of struggle for legitimacy and the right to monopolise. On the basis of insights into the relationships of gallerists, curators and critics with the work of artists belonging to the new artistic practice in Croatia in the late 1960s and 1970s, this article will examine the extent to which Marx’s theses on productive and unproductive labour correlate to Bourdieu’s concept of the artistic field and its capital, and how artistic products of the new artistic practice can justify their existence as products of productive labour.