PROSTATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MACLURA POMIFERA OIL EXTRACT AND THE WAY IT IS IMPLEMENTED

Relevance. In the experiment, it was shown that in rats with a sulpiride induced prostate hyperplasia (SGP) which was treated by the Maclura Pomifera oil extract (OEM), a prostatic index is normalized, biochemical indicators and morphofunctional state of the prostate are improved. However, the mechanism of implementing corrective influence remains unknown. Objective: to exam the contribution of hormonally mediated signaling pathways of the mechanism of pharmacological effect of oil extract in the form of rectal suppositories at the experimental hyperplasia of the prostate in rats. Materials and methods. On 60 rats of both sexes, acute toxicity of the active substance was studied with intragastric administration of OEM (dose on the active substance 5000 mg/kg, n = 12) or suppositories mass with OEM (dose for the active substance of 1500 mg/kg, n = 12). Under rectal administration, toxicity was investigated with the introduction of OEM (dose of the active substance 1000 mg/kg, n = 12) or suppositories mass with OEM (dose for the active substance 300 mg/kg, n = 12). A group of intact control amounted to 12 rats. The SGP model was created in rats (age 9-11 months, body mass 330-360 g, n = 18) by sulpiride (40 mg / kg, i.p., 30 days). The rats of the control group (n = 6) were obtained with 0.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl, i.m. From 31 to 51 days of the experiment, rats in the therapeutic mode were treated with OEM suppositories (380 mg/kg, n = 12) or a reference drag Prostaplant Forte (35 mg/kg, n = 6) once a day. The testosterone (Tc) and E2 content, level 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) were determined by the immunoferment method in serum. In the prostate homogenate, the content of 5α-reductase (5αR) was studied, as well as the concentration of androgenic (AR) and estrogenic (Erα) receptors. Results. Toxic influence on the internal organs and deaths of animals after the introduction of the maximum possible amounts of OEM was not observed. The use of suppositories with OEM in rats with SGP normalized the content of sex hormones. Significant inhibition of 5αR activity and a decrease in the content of AR, as well as an increase in the content of ERα, were detected. The group with the introduction of the Prostaplant forte was observed similar improvements. It was assumed that the implementation of the antiproliferative effect of the MEM is carried out due to the coexpression of the ERα and ERβ, which leads to the blocking of the ERα ability to react to the ligand (estrogen) and to a decrease in cell proliferation. Conclusions. 1. Extract of Maclura refers to the ІV class of toxicity with intragastric and rectal administration (low-toxic substances). 2. The use of suppositories with OEM in rats with SGPH normalizes the functional activity of the prostate, which is confirmed by the normalization of the content of sex hormones. 3. Extract of Maclura in the prostate cells inhibits 5α-reductase activity, reduces androgen receptors and the testosterone ratio/androgen receptors as the same to drugs with 5α-reductase inhibition action. 4. Phytosuppositories with OEM in a dose of 380 mg/kg do not inferior on the efficiency of the prostatoprotective action of the referens drag Prostaplant forte in a dose of 35 mg/kg.

Actividad antimicrobiana de extractos de Zingiber officinale y Maclura pomifera sobre Pseudomona syringae

El frijol y el tomate en México son dos de los productos que forman parte esencial de la dieta de la población de este país, es de gran importancia económica, cultural y gastronómica. La presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los cultivos aumenta los costos de producción, además del impacto ambiental y la residualidad de los plaguicidas pueden afectar la salud humana. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue estudiar una alternativa de biocontrol para enfermedades bacterianas, efectiva, de bajo costo y menor impacto ambiental. Se desarrolló en la ciudad de Aguascalientes, México en el año 2019. Fueron producidos extractos naturales (etanol, metanol y agua) de Maclura pomifera y Zingiber officinale en forma cruda por medio de maceración y concentrados por vía de rotaevaporación, utilizando bases de etanol, metanol y agua. Se aislaron e identificaron cepas de Pseudomona syringae de patologías en tomate y ejote. Se utilizaron 14 tratamientos con tres repeticiones de extractos crudos y concentrados. La actividad bactericida fue evaluada por medio de antibiogramas con intervalos de 24 h por siete días. Mostrando el mayor efecto inhibitorio, los extractos de M. pomifera base etanol de 100 mg ml-1 y Z. officinale de 100 mg ml-1 base etanol. Para el segundo ensayo en la disminución de concentraciones, se reiteró la efectividad de los extractos de M. pomifera en bajas concentraciones, siendo 10 mg ml-1 la concentración más baja y efectiva en la inhibición bacteriana. Lo anterior, posiciona a los extractos vegetales de M. pomifera como una opción, viable, eficaz y económica en el biocontrol de enfermedades bacterianas agrícolas.

Effect of household bleach on the structure of the sporocyst wall of Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are responsible for food- and water-borne infections in humans worldwide. They are resistant to common chemical disinfectants, including chlorinated products, presumably due to the structure and molecular nature of the oocyst wall but also the sporocyst wall. In this study, we used fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to characterise the structure of both the oocyst and sporocyst walls, exposed to household bleach. Bleach removed the outer layer of the oocyst wall and the outer layer of the wall of sporocysts exposed due to rupture of the oocyst wall. The loss of the outer sporocyst wall layer was associated with a decrease in its autofluorescence, which can be linked to the degradation of dityrosine cross-link proteins, and loss of Maclura pomifera lectin-reactive glycoproteins. This study suggests that the inner layers of the oocyst and sporocyst walls are the main structures responsible for the resistance of the parasite to household bleach.

Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activities of Different Extracts of Tunisia Maclura pomifera (Rafin.) Schneid Fruit In Vitro and In Vivo

Background: Maclura pomifera a member of Moraceae family, is a tropical plant with ethnobotanical uses. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of different extracts of Tunisia M. pomifera (Rafin.) Schneid fruit in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Organic extracts in different polarities (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and acetone) were extracted from different parts of the fruit of M. pomifera (exocarp, mesocarp, and pips). Phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and anti-AChE activity were determined. The anti-amnesic effects of ethyl acetate extract of the exocarp of M. pomifera were measured in galactose-induced memory deficit mice by the Y maze. The levels of biomarkers and AChE activity were determined in brain tissues. Results: The obtained results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of exocarp contains the highest content of flavonoids and polyphenols 22.3mg quercetin equivalents per g of dry weight and 718.6 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry weight. The evaluation of antioxidant activities highlighted that the ethyl acetate extract of exocarp was the most active element. The study of the AChE inhibitory power demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract of the exocarp had the greatest inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate extract from the exocarp ameliorated cognitive performance and reversed the oxidative damage as compared to galactose group. Conclusion: M. pomifera fruit is a good source of natural antioxidants, which might help prevent oxidative stress-related damage and memory impairment in such mental disorders as Alzheimer’s disease (AD).