Microbiological Antibiotic Assay Validation of Gentamicin Sulfate Using Two-Dose Parallel Line Model (PLM)

Till nowadays microbiological assay is still widely used with several antibiotics that are composed of a mixture of related active compounds. However, obtaining a reasonably valid determination of the potency is dependent on the validity and the suitability of the assay design. The present work aimed to validate an assay design of an aminoglycoside antibiotic (Gentamicin Sulfate) using a two-dose Parallel Line Model agar diffusion assay in a large 8×8 rectangular plate. All preparatory procedures were done following United States Pharmacopeia and the Inhibition Zones were measured using a digital caliper to the nearest 0.01 mm. Analysis of variance of compendial requirements of regression and parallelism were found to be satisfactorily meeting the acceptance criteria. Specificity was achieved for the product under investigation with no detectable IZ that could be found for all components except the antibiotic. The validation method showed acceptable linearity of r2≥0.98. Accuracy and precision parameters showed RSD (%)<2. All relative error value estimates were below 4%. The proposed validation design for 32×32 cm antibiotic plates yielded valid results and can be projected for the routine Quality Control analysis of the antibiotic material, especially which is incorporated into a finished medicinal dosage form. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2021-02-04-04 Full Text: PDF

Suitability System of Microbiological Method for Nystatin Potency Determination in the Routine Analysis Using Agar Diffusion Method

Nystatin is a polyene macrolide antifungal active which is used for the treatment of candidiasis and obtained from some species of Streptomycesbacteria. The present work describes the statistical suitability analysis for regular monitoring of the agar diffusion bioassay in a simple, inexpensive and time-saving process before potency determination. A balanced (symmetrical) two-dose parallel line assay model was applied using the agar well diffusion method for quantification of Nystatin in raw material and finished medicinal dosage form. The routine inspection methodology yielded good results and included calculations by the linear parallel model and by means of regression analysis and verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of Nystatin upon a standard strain as described in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). The results of the post validation regular assays were treated statistically by ANOVA and the deviations (expressed as average ± standard deviation) from both raw and column totals were 0.702 ± 0.476 and 0.865 ± 0.468, respectively. The mean value of the variance ratio for regression and parallelism squares were 534.349 ± 212.546 and 0.596 ± 0.345, respectively. The study of Nystatin's ongoing analysis showed that the microbiological assay design is satisfactory with respect to the limiting values for the determination of the potency. The established balanced parallel line assay is reasonably stable and suitable and can be used for the regular drug analysis in routine quality control testing and the quantitation of Nystatin in pharmaceutical dosage form and raw material. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0304-2 Full Text: PDF

Eksplorasi Etnomatematika pada Seni Batik Madura dalam Pembelajaran Geometri

Batik is an extraordinary work of art that must be preserved, it can be through formal or non-formal education. So far, cultural products are not always recognized for their usefulness in the scope of formal education. This study aims to map mathematical concepts on Madura batik that can be integrated in mathematics learning. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an ethnographic approach by conducting observations and interviews, then a literature study is carried out related to the geometry. The instrument in this study is a human instrument, the researcher is directly related to the research and acts as a data collector. The data were analyzed by making codes which were then reduced based on the concepts and learning materials of geometry. The results of this study in the form of mathematical concepts contained in the Madura Batik motif are: straight line, curved line, parallel line, symmetry, point, angle, triangle, circle, rhombus and similarity concept. Some Madura batik motifs can be used as a medium to introduce mathematical concepts such as concepts in geometry so that it is expected to make it easier to understand abstract mathematical concepts.

Changes in Haircut Shapes by Mixing Medium-Graduation Haircut and Same Layer Haircut According to the Division of Head and Slice Lines During Hair Cutting Ⅱ

Purpose: To provide basic data for haircut style education by applying a combination of two basic hair cut styles, medium-graduation cut and the same layer cut based on the division of the scalp, and demonstrating change of shape and length of the cut depending on the location of the slice lines.Method: After the division of the hair into the front side point-golden point+2 (F-G+2), side point-golden back medium point+1 (S-GBMP+1), and ear point-back point (E-B), the same layer cut, and medium-graduation cut were applied to the upper and lower part, respectively. Finally, the hair cut was completed using the slice lines of A-line, parallel line, and V line.Result: After dividing the hair, the same layer cut was applied to the upper part and the medium-graduation cut to the lower part. Due to this, there were changes in the shape of the haircut and the length of the hair, depending on the location of division, and the shape lines were affected by slice lines of the medium-graduation cut.Conclusion: The combination of medium gradation cut and the same layer cut applied to the head area demonstrated that predictable and creative cut design is possible because the volume and layer level can be adjusted according to the area’s location.

Gas Deliverability Monitoring and Reserves Quantification without Shut-In the Well: Application of Coupled Material Balance - Nodal Analysis Approach in Main Zone of Tunu Field, Mahakam

The classical Material Balance (P/Z) plot requires fully shut-in built-up reservoir pressure (Pr) for its calculation by generating static Pr as a function of cumulative gas production (Gp). Shut-in the well only for Pr data acquisition is impractical and creates several issues such as risk of production loss and production disturbance. Mattar & McNeil (1997) introduced Flowing Material Balance approach for gas deliverability monitoring and reserves estimation based on surface well flowing parameter by creating parallel line through the initial Pr to estimate Initial-Gas-In-Place (IGIP). The method is practical for qualitative purpose, but any dynamic behavior of the well will be challenging. Improved model is presented, a Coupled Material Balance - Nodal Analysis approach for gas deliverability monitoring and reserves quantification of connected gas in place volume (CGIP). Initial Pr as a known variable then extended by the decline of Pr as a function of Gp and improved by performing “flowing mode” Nodal Analysis, converting bottom hole flowing pressure from wellhead flowing pressure to determine estimated Pr. Pr uncertainty and its depletion could be identified by sensitivity analysis, such as inflow productivity and water encroachment evolution. This approach has been applied for well T-32 of Tunu field, a mature field in Mahakam, to perform as single-reservoir gas deliverability monitoring by using only flowing parameter data. The “flowing” mode of Pr estimation with actual Gp, gives good performance of CGIP estimation without any shut-in activities, since this well is one of the big gas producer. This model also handled the dynamic activities of operation: well movement, production curtailment and improvement. The unknown variable of continuous water encroachment is also handled by wellbore temperature model which justified with actual data. This improved model could be considered as an alternative approach for gas reserves quantification and gives advantage for production strategy.