Regulation of Life Extension Factor Klotho on Depressive-like Behaviors via Modulation of GluN2B Function in the Nucleus Accumbens

Klotho is a life extension factor that has an ability to regulate the function of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), whose dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) underlies critical aspects of the pathophysiology of major depression. Here we study the functional relevance of klotho in the pathogenesis of depression. A chronic social defeat stress paradigm, where mice are either categorized as susceptible or unsusceptible group based on their performance in a social interaction test, was used in this study. We found that the expression of klotho was largely decreased in the NAc of susceptible mice when compared to control or unsusceptible group. Genetic knockdown of klotho in the NAc induced depressive-like behaviors in naive mice, while overexpression of klotho produced an antidepressive effect in normal mice and ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors in susceptible mice. Molecularly, knockdown of klotho in the NAc resulted in selective decreases of total and synaptic GluN2B expression that were identical to susceptible mice. Elevation of klotho in the NAc reversed the reductions of GluN2B expressions, as well as altered synaptic transmission and spine density in the NAc of susceptible mice. Furthermore, blockade of GluN2B with a specific antagonist abolished the beneficial effects of klotho elevation in susceptible mice. Collectively, we demonstrated that klotho in the NAc modulates depressive-like behaviors by regulating the function of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. These results reveal a novel role for klotho in the pathogenesis of depression, opening new insights into the molecular basis of major depression.

Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel terhadap Karakteristik Riser Sleeve Sekam Padi Pada Aplikasi Pengecoran Baja

Sekam padi mempunyai potensi besar sebagai material eksotermik yang umum dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan briket karena menghasilkan nilai kalor yang cukup tinggi. Dalam bidang pengecoran baja, material eksotermik seperti sekam padi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai riser sleeve untuk memperpanjang waktu pembekuan baja sekaligus mengatasi penyusutan baja. Ukuran partikel sekam padi yang diteliti adalah 40 mesh dan 60 mesh, dipisahkan dengan sieve shaker. Penentuan jumlah bahan pengikat diujicoba pada rentang 10-18% (b/b). Penggunaan bahan pengikat sesedikit mungkin karena mempengaruhi terhadap kinerja sebuah riser sleeve. Hasil pengujian kompresi menunjukan pengikat dengan kadar 11 % sudah memenuhi standar minimal kekuatan kompresi 5 kg/cm2. Selanjutnya, sekam padi yang berukuran 40 mesh maupun 60 mesh dibentuk dengan tipe H-sleeve berbahan pengikat 11%, dipadatkan melalui hand pressing dan dikeringkan pada 120­oC selama 2 jam. Kinerja sleeve sekam padi sebagai riser diuji pada pengecoran baja karbon rendah melalui pengukuran laju solidifikasi baja dan modulus extension factor. Diperoleh bahwa sleeve sekam padi berukuran 40 mesh mampu menahan laju pembekuan baja 52 detik lebih lama dibandingkan sleeve sekam padi berukuran 60 mesh. Hal ini disebabkan porositas pada sleeve berukuran 40 mesh lebih tinggi sehingga memberikan efek insulasi lebih baik dari sleeve 60 mesh. Modulus extension factor untuk sleeve sekam padi berukuran 40 mesh dan 60 mesh adalah 1,9 dan 1,75. Kedua sleeve tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai exothermic sleeve menurut Indian Standar 15865 : 2009.

Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic structure from a long multi-channel seismic profile across the southern of South China Sea

<p>In order to grasp the Cenozoic extension and tectonic deformation characteristics of the crust in the southern of the South China Sea, a newly acquired multi-channel seismic profile (DZ02) acrossing the conjugate continental margin of the Southwest Subbasin, Nansha block, and Nansha Trough is explained. Four stratigraphic units (syn-rift unit, drift unit1, drift unit2 and post-rift unit) were determined with six sequence boundaries (T<sub>g</sub>, T<sub>70</sub>, T<sub>60</sub>, T<sub>40</sub>, T<sub>20</sub>, T<sub>10</sub>). Based on the differences in tectonic units and the features of stratigraphic and structural in the southern of the South China Sea, it is divided into five structural belts from northwest to southeast, which are the northern continental margin extension zone, the Southwest Subbasin, the Nansha intracontinental extension zone, the Nansha forebulge zone, and the Nansha trough. The fault derived and whole crustal extension factors of the Nansha block are also calculated. The results show that in time, the Nansha block has undergone two phases of extension, namely the syn-rift period and the seafloor spreading period. The syn-rifting stage accounted for about 69% of the total extension, and the seafloor spreading stage of the South China Sea accounted for about 26%. In space, the whole crust extension factor is greater than the fault derived extension factor in most areas. By comparing with the multi-channel seismic profile of the eastern part of the Nansha block imply that the crustal extension process is synchronous, but the extent of the extension in the western of Nansha is always greater.</p>

Analisis Tingkat Keberhasilan Usahatani Sayuran Di Kecamatan Permata Kabupaten Bener Meriah

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat keberhasilan usahatani sayuran dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan usahatani sayuran di Kecamatan Permata Kabupaten Bener Meriah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Permata Kabupaten Bener Meriah dengan menggunakan metode survei. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji statistik Chi Square dengan menggunakan bantuan program SPSS versi 20 untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel terikat (Dependent variable) dengan variabel bebas (Independent variabel). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan usahatani sayuran di Kecamatan Permata Kabupaten Bener Meriah dalam kategori tingkat keberhasilan usahatani sedang dengan nilai skor sebesar 2,10 dengan persentase rata-rata 58,7 %. Berdasarkan hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan usahatani sayuran adalah faktor karakteristik petani (X1), faktor modal (X2), faktor inovasi (X3), dan faktor motivasi petani (X5). Sedangkan faktor yang tidak mempengaruhi keberhasilan usahatani adalah faktor peran penyuluh (X4) yang dapat dilihat dari nilai X2hitung X2tabel dan pada taraf signifikansi 0,05 nilai Asymp.Sig yang diperoleh adalah 0,526 lebih besar dari 0,05 yang berarti tidak signifikan dan semakin tidak erat pengaruhnya terhadap keberhasilan usahatani sayuran.Success Rate Analysis Of Vegetables Farming In The Permata District Of Bener MeriahThe purpose of this study was to assess the success of vegetable farming and the factors that influence the success of vegetables farming in the district of Permata Bener Meriah. This research was conducted in the district of Bener Meriah district Permata using survey methods. Analysis of the data used is the statistical test Chi Square by using SPSS version 20 to see the relationship between the dependent variable (dependent variable) with independent variables (independent variables). The results showed that the success rate of vegetable farming in the district of Bener Meriah district Permata in the category of farming success rate was with a score of 2.10 with an average percentage of 58.7%. Based on the results of the analysis showed that the factors that influence the success of vegetable farming is characteristic factors of farmers (X1), capital factors (X2), innovation factor (X3), and farmer motivation factor (X5). While the factors that do not affect the success of the farm is the role of extension factor (X4) which can be seen from the X2count X2table and at significance level 0.05 Asymp value. Sig obtained was 0,526 greater than 0.05, which means not significant and increasingly strong influence on the success of vegetables farming. Kata Kunci : Keberhasilan Usahatani Sayuran; Kepastian Pasar ;Produktivitas dan Keberlanjutan UsahataniKeywords : Vegetables Farming Success ; Market Certainty ; Productivity and Business Continuity