Electron’s Position Expectation Values and Energy Spectrum of Lithium Ion (Li^(2+)) on Principal Quantum Number n≤3

The purpose of this study is to determine the electron’s position expectation values and energy spectrum on the Li2+ ion on the principal quantum number n≤3. This research using literature study methods on quantum mechanics. The expectation values of the electron position and the energy spectrum of the Li2+ ion uses numerical calculations using the Matlab 2019a program. The steps in this research method include: preparation; theory development; simulation; validation of the results of theory development; results of theory development; discussion and conclusion. The results obtained in this study are the electron’s position expectation values and energy of the Lithium ion. The electron’s position expectation values indicates the presence of electrons that often appear around the x-axis by relying on the interval used. The larger the interval, the more constant the electron’s position expectation values will be and towards an almost constant value. From the analysis results, the expectation value varies in positions from 0,0001a0 to 0,1637a0. The electron energy spectrum of the Li2+ ion is inversely proportional to the square of the principal quantum number (n),E1= -122,4 eV ; E2= -30,6 eV ; E3= -13,6 eV

Evolution of the shape of fission fragment energy spectrum with absorber thickness in two different media and effective charge correction

The energy loss behavior of fission fragments (FFs) from [Formula: see text]Cf(sf) in thin Mylar [Formula: see text] and Aluminium absorber foils has been revisited. The aim is to investigate the observed change in the well-known asymmetric energy of spontaneous fission of [Formula: see text]Cf as the fragments pass through increasingly thick absorber foils. Two different types of absorbers have been used: one elemental and the other an organic compound. The stopping powers have been determined as a function of energy for three fragment mass groups with average masses having [Formula: see text], 141.8, 125.8 corresponding to light, heavy and symmetric fragments of [Formula: see text]Cf. The energy loss data have been compared with the predictions of SRIM 2013 code. The best representations of the data have been achieved using the effective Z correction term in the stopping power relation from the classical Bohr theory. Using the effective charge ([Formula: see text]) in the stopping power relation in the classical Bohr theory best describes the stopping power data. Spectrum shape parameters, subsequently, have been extracted from the energy spectra of FFs for different foil thicknesses. The effective charge ([Formula: see text]) correction term determined from the stopping power data is then used in the simulation for the absorber thickness dependence of the shape parameters of the energy spectrum. The present simulation results are compared with the TRIM prediction. The trends of the absorber thickness dependence of the spectrum shape parameters, for both Mylar and Aluminium, are well reproduced with the present simulation.

Optical Absorption of a D2+ Artificial Molecule Confined in a Spherical Quantum Dot

In this work, we have performed a theoretically study on the energy spectrum, binding energy and intersubband optical absorption of a D2+ complex confined in a spherical quantum dot with finite confinement potential by using diagonalization method within the effective mass approximation. We analyzed the effect of the quantum dot size and internuclear distance on the binding energy, equilibrium distance and optical response of the singly ionized double donor complex. Theoretical analysis of the D2+ system indicated that the internuclear distance significantly affects the energy difference between the two lowest-lying electron states and amplitude of the optical absorption. In general, we conclude that the internuclear distance and quantum dot size dependence of the low-lying energy spectrum of the D2+ complex in a quantum dot favors the describing of an appropriate two-level system needed for quantum computation.

Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP

During solar storms, the Sun expels large amounts of energetic particles (SEP) that can react with the Earth’s atmospheric constituents and produce cosmogenic radionuclides such as 14C, 10Be and 36Cl. Here we present 10Be and 36Cl data measured in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. The data consistently show one of the largest 10Be and 36Cl production peaks detected so far, most likely produced by an extreme SEP event that hit Earth 9125 years BP (before present, i.e., before 1950 CE), i.e., 7176 BCE. Using the 36Cl/10Be ratio, we demonstrate that this event was characterized by a very hard energy spectrum and was possibly up to two orders of magnitude larger than any SEP event during the instrumental period. Furthermore, we provide 10Be-based evidence that, contrary to expectations, the SEP event occurred near a solar minimum.

Measurement of Energy Spectrum and Elemental Composition of PeV Cosmic Rays: Open Problems and Prospects

Cosmic rays represent one of the most important energy transformation processes of the universe. They bring information about the surrounding universe, our galaxy, and very probably also the extragalactic space, at least at the highest observed energies. More than one century after their discovery, we have no definitive models yet about the origin, acceleration and propagation processes of the radiation. The main reason is that there are still significant discrepancies among the results obtained by different experiments located at ground level, probably due to unknown systematic uncertainties affecting the measurements. In this document, we will focus on the detection of galactic cosmic rays from ground with air shower arrays up to 1018 eV. The aim of this paper is to discuss the conflicting results in the 1015 eV energy range and the perspectives to clarify the origin of the so-called `knee’ in the all-particle energy spectrum, crucial to give a solid basis for models up to the end of the cosmic ray spectrum. We will provide elements useful to understand the basic techniques used in reconstructing primary particle characteristics (energy, mass, and arrival direction) from the ground, and to show why indirect measurements are difficult and results are still conflicting.

Low Energy Ar+ Ions Scattering from SiO2 (001)<Ῑ10> Surface under Grazing Incidence

This article presents the results of computer modeling of small-angle scattering of Ar+ ions from the surface of the SiO2 thin film under bombardment by low-energy. The study of the trajectory of the scattered ions showed that the trajectories with two focuses are observed not only near the center of the semichannel but also nearby the surface of the atomic chain. An increase in the value of the initial energy of incident particles leads to a narrowing of the trajectory of the scattered ions, which leads to the appearance of low-intensity peaks in the energy spectrum of the scattered ions.

Universal spectrum for short period (days) variability in atmospheric total ozone

Long-range spatio-temporal correlations manifested as the self-similar fractal geometry to the spatial pattern concomitant with inverse power law form for the power spectrum of temporal fluctuations are ubiquitous to real world dynamical systems and are recently identified as signatures of self-organized criticality Self-organised criticality in atmospheric flows is exhibited as the fractal geometry 10 the global cloud cover pattern and the inverse power law form for the atmospheric eddy energy spectrum, In this paper, a recently developed cell dynamical system model for atmospheric flows is summarized. The model predicts inverse power law form of the statistical normal distribution for atmospheric eddy energy spectrum as a natural consequence of quantum-like mechanics governing atmospheric flows extending up to stratospheric levels and above, Model Predictions are in agreement with continuous periodogram analyses of atmospheric total ozone. Atmospheric total ozone variability (in days) exhibits the temporal signature of self-organized criticality, namely, inverse power law form for the power spectrum. Further, the long-range temporal correlations implicit to self-organized criticality can be quantified in terms of the universal characteristics of the normal distribution. Therefore the total pattern of fluctuations of total ozone over a period of time is predictable.

Spectral analyses of fresh and dry Hypericum perforatum L. Effects with colloidal nano silver 30 ppm

Spectral analyses of 1% water extracts of fresh and dry Hypericum perforatum L. and 1% dry H. perforatum with colloidal nano silver (NSPs) 30 ppm were conducted. The nano silver is standardised and patented by the Swiss company Evodrop. Non-equliblrium energy spectrum (NES) and Differential non-equliblrium energy spectrum (DNES) methods were used for the spectral analysis. A comparative analysis of 1% extracts of fresh and dry H. perforatum was performed in order to determine the local extremums for effects of nerve tissue conductivity at (-0.1112) eV, anti-inflammatory (-0.1212) eV, anti-tumor effects (-0.1387) eV. The results showed stimulating effect on the nervous system and improvement of nerve conduction (local extremums E=-0.1112 eV)(?=11.15 ?m) (?=897 cm-1), as well as anti-inflammatory effect (E = -0.1212 eV)( ?=10.23 ?m) (?=978 cm-1) and inhibition of development of tumor cells at a molecular level (E=-0.1387 eV) (?=8.95 ?m) (?=1117 cm-1). It was found that clusters of 16 and 15 water molecules are formed in the water herbal extracts of fresh H. perforatum and of dry H. perforatum with AgNPs 30 ppm. The fresh plant showed better results then the dry one. The addition of colloidal nano silver 30 ppm led to better results of the drug.

Multi-threshold window discriminator based on SAR logic

The new X-ray imaging detectors allow capturing an X-ray image in various photon energy ranges in one shot. This technique is called X-ray color imaging, and it is becoming a promising method in fields such as medical imaging, computed tomography, and non-destructive material testing. To measure the energy spectrum in one shot, discriminant circuits need to be integrated into the pixel front-end electronics. Several solutions of in-pixel discriminators exist. However, current designs suffer from a low number of discrimination bins and need to adjust each threshold separately, leading to relatively complicated calibration procedures. This work introduces a novel design of a multi-threshold window discriminator based on successive approximation register logic. This circuit realizes in-pixel binning to ten equidistant windows. Two variables are used for tuning the multi-threshold window discriminator: offset of the first window and width of the windows. Setting these parameters allows the user to fulfill the need of the target application.

Improved reconstruction methodology of clinical electron energy spectra based on Tikhonov regularization and generalized simulated annealing

Electron beam radiotherapy is the most widespread treatment modality todeal with superficial cancers. In electron radiotherapy, the energy spectrum isimportant for electron beam modelling and accurate dose calculation. Since thepercentage depth-dose (PDD) is a function of the beam’s energy, the reconstruction of the spectrum from the depth-dose curve represents an inverse problem.Thus, the energy spectrum can be related to the depth-dose by means of anappropriate mathematical model as the Fredholm equation of the first kind.Since the Fredholm equation of the first kind is ill-posed, some regularizationmethod has to be used to achieve a useful solution. In this work the Tikhonovregularization function was solved by the generalized simulated annealing optimization method. The accuracy of the reconstruction was verified by thegamma index passing rate criterion applied to the simulated PDD curves forthe reconstructed spectra compared to experimental PDD curves. Results showa good coincidence between the experimental and simulated depth-dose curvesaccording to the gamma passing rate better than 95% for 1% dose difference(DD)/1 mm distance to agreement (DTA) criteria. Moreover, the results showimprovement from previous works not only in accuracy but also in calculationtime. In general, the proposed method can help in the accuracy of dosimetryprocedures, treatment planning and quality control in radiotherapy.