Detection of enteropathogens and research of pesticide residues in Lactuca sativa from traditional and agroecological fairs

Agroecological production represents a new reality in vegetable farming. Thus, the study aimed to search for the presence of pesticides in agroecological samples and microbiological and parasitological contamination in Lactuca sativa L. of agroecological and conventional fairs in Alagoas. Thirty-two samples were collected, a hygienic-sanitary checklist was performed, along with coliform, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus research and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for pesticide research; using two methodologies for parasitological studies. Thirty-two samples were analyzed, with a sanitary adequacy level at 45% and 38% for fairs (agroecological and conventional) respectively, with three samples (9.4%) in total, being adequate to the microbiological pattern according to RDC no. 12/2001. Among the 23 samples which were tested positive for parasites, 69.5% originated from samples extracted at conventional fairs, and 53% of every positive samples presented Entamoeba coli as the main contaminant. All together, no traces of deltamethrin were detected, but in two of the samples a peak retention for diphenoconazole was detected. In conclusion, the fairs represent an adequate environment for human pathogens and indicators. Therefore greater hygiene training of vegetable traders and consumers in the state of Alagoas is required, especially in conventional fairs, which presented more critical microbiological and parasitological indexes comparing to fairs with agroecological products; however, the presence of difenoconazole in two samples of agricultural fairs suggests accidental contamination or indiscriminate use of this chemical in the production of Lactuca sativa, however, products with agroecological origin represents a better choice for the consumers.

Analisis Struktur Pasar Sayuran di Desa Kanreapia Kecamatan Tinggimoncong Kabupaten Gowa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Potensi tanaman hortikultura khususnya sayuran yang ada di Kecamatan Tinggimoncong cukup besar bahkan beberapa jenis sayuran seperti kubis, petsai, wortel, bawang daun dan kentang, selain dipasarkan dalam wilayah kabupaten juga dipasarkan sampai ibukota propinsi bahkan di antar pulaukan ke Kalimantan namun demikian sistem pemasarannya masih bersifat tradisional yang berimplikasi pada pendapatan petani sebagai produsen tidak optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji stuktur pasar, saluran distribusi dan margin pemasaran produk usahatani sayur-sayuran yang berada di Desa Karenapia, Kecamatan Tinggimoncong, Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan. Dilaksanakan pada bulan April hingga Juni 2019, dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Struktur pasar sayuran yang terbentuk di desa Kanreapia mengarah pada pasar oligopsoni. Struktur pasar di tingkat kabupaten/kota, lebih memgarah pada pasar persaingan sempurna dan diferensiasi. petani sebagai produsen tidak memiliki sarana dan perlakuan pascapanen (standarisasi melalui grading), lemahnya informasi tentang pasar sehingga peranan petani dalam memanfaatkan peluang pasar sangat kecil, skala usaha yang relatif kecil dan usaha tani yang tidak didasarkan atas permintaan pasar, menyebabkan posisi tawar petani sangat lemah, hal ini memungkinkan kehadiran pedagang perantara yang kemudian lebih dominan dalam penentuan harga jual di tingkat petani. Bagian yang diterima petani dari harga yang dibayarkan konsumen untuk beberapa jenis sayuran, rata-rata lebih kecil dibandingkan yang diterima oleh pedagang perantara sehingga sistem pemasaran yang terjadi dinilai kurang efisien bagi petani. The potential of horticultural crops, especially vegetables in the District of Tinggimoncong is quite considerable. Some types of vegetables such as cabbage, Chinese cabbage, carrots, leeks and potatoes, besides being marketed in the Regency Area, are also marketed to the provincial capital even inter-island to Kalimantan. The marketing system, however, is still traditional, and that makes the income of the farmers as the producers is not optimal. This study aimed to examine the market structures, distribution channels and marketing margins of the vegetable farming products located in Kanreapia village Tinggimoncong District Gowa Regency South Sulawesi. Using a quantitative descriptive approach, it was carried out from April to June 2019. The results showed that the structure of the vegetable market formed in Kanreapia village led to an oligopsony market. The market structure at the Regency/Municipal level was more likely to lead to a perfect competition and differentiation market. Because the farmers as the producers did not have post-harvest treatment and facilities (standardization through grading), and were weak in terms of market information, the role of the farmers in taking the advantages of market opportunities was very small. The relatively small business scales and non-market-demand farming have caused the farmers’ bargaining position very weak, allowing the presence of intermediary traders who in turn are more dominant in determining the selling prices at the farmer level. For several types of vegetables, the share received by the farmers from the price paid by the consumers is, on average, smaller than that received by the intermediary traders. Hence, the marketing system that occurs is considered less efficient for farmers.

Towards the Biologization of Vegetable Farming in the Primorsky Territory

The main elements of the biologization of the agricultural system in the vegetable growing of the Russian Far East are described: pre-filling with fresh organic matter in the repair fields and on the layer of perennial grasses, with the introduction of crop rotations with sideral steam, the introduction of agrotechnical methods that ensure a zero or positive balance of humus in the soil of a vegetable plantation.

Tingkat Partisipasi Anggota Kelompok Tani di Kampung Sayur Bausasran Kecamatan Danurejan Kota Yogyakarta

This research aimed to (1) analyze participation rate of farmer group members in Kampung Sayur Bausasran, and (2) analyze the influence of factors such as education level, main ocupation, vegetable farming experience, extension officer performance and Government facilitation towards the participation of farmers group members in Kampung Sayur Bausasran. Research implementation method used was quantitative method with descriptive approach. Method of determining the research location used was purposive method namely in Kampung Sayur Bausasran, Danurejan, Yogyakarta. Sample taking method used was proportional cluster random sampling method. Data type used in this research are primary and secondary data. Data collecting method were by taking interview, documentation and observation. To analyze the influence of factors such as education level, main livelihood, vegetable farming experience, extension officer performance and Government facilitation towards farmers group member, multiple linear regression analysis was used. This research result showed that (1) participation rate of famer group member in Kampung Sayur Bausasran was high, and (2) factors such as education level, main ocupation, vegetable farming experience, extension officer performance, and Government facilitation significantly affected the participation rate of famer group members in Kampung Sayur Bausasran.

Reducing erosion and eutrophication through soil and water conservation practices in upper Lake Rawapening

Agriculture has been one of erosion and eutrophication sources in Lake Rawapening. Former research found massive fertiliser use on agricultural area in Rawapening catchment. Vegetable farming contributed the biggest percentage of Nitrogen and Phosphorus input that are 953.7 and 118 tons/year respectively. These were followed by irrigated paddy field with 845.8-ton Nitrogen/year and 208-ton Phosphorus/year. This lake has nine sub-watersheds: Parat, Sraten, Panjang, Kedungringin, Rengas, Legi, Galeh, Ringin, and Torong in which Panjang has the highest pollutant contribution to the lake. Since Panjang is the most significant sub-watershed and has extensive vegetable farming, therefore research to identify applicable practices in reducing erosion and eutrophication was undertaken in the area. Field surveys and interviews with landowners were employed. Field surveys included observing riparian, measuring catchment size, slopes, documenting existing land uses and ownerships. Interviews involved 52 landowners in Dusun Bendo and Ngonto, Desa Candi, Kecamatan Bandungan, Kabupaten Semarang. Based on existing practices and potential techniques, we propose soil and water conservation practices variables. They can be grouped into three: runoff farming, mini bridges, and terrace strengthening. Runoff farming consists of three techniques: individual/group infiltrating wells, on-site sediment traps, and drainage enhancement. Majority landowners choose infiltrating well for its easiness on obtaining materials and constructing. They also believe that wells have no disturbance on their vegetables. On-site sediment traps are rejected because of inundation concern, but farmers with very small landownership consider this choice as long as the traps has drainage system. Almost all farming land have mini bridges and terraces. They acknowledge that terraces were inherited from their predecessors.

Analysis of agribusiness performance of top five vegetable farming in East Java

East Java Province is one of vegetable-producing areas; however, performance of vegetable production has not been identified. The performance will be an important indicator of regional agricultural economic development of the region. This paper aims to provide farm analyses of leading vegetable farming in East Java Province. East Java Province is one of the potential production areas for vegetables. Secondary data were collected from the Agricultural District Services of Malang, Blitar and Kediri in 2018. Five vegetables namely chilies (big and small), eggplant, yard-long bean, and tomato, which were considered leading commodities in the region, were selected for these analyses. A factor share approach, which is commonly used for financial analysis of farming systems, was employed in this study. Other financial analytical approaches were also used to alternate selection criteria. As a deterministic approach used in this study, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the profitability of each vegetable commodity. The results show that chili and tomato are more labor-intensive, at which suitable for regions with an abundance of rural labor. Each vegetable has a positive profit, and thus recommended grow vegetables to increase households’ income. Big-chili is superior in terms of absolute profit, and it is recommended that big-chili can be used as the main crop. In terms of R/C-ratio and factor share, eggplant is superior, it is recommended that eggplant can be used as an alternative crop.

The role of urban vegetable production in Jos (Nigeria) as a source of livelihood

Many cities of developing countries experience widespread poverty due to accelerated migration of people from rural to urban areas as well as high population growth rates. The city of Jos in Plateau State is experiencing rapid population growth as well, with the attendant problems of food insecurity, insufficient income, unemployment and environmental degradation. This study assessed the role that urban vegetable production plays in providing a source of livelihood to small-scale farmers in Jos. The farmers were registered with the third Fadama Project in Nigeria. Such projects derive their name from the native Hausa word ‘fadama’ which means irrigable lands on flood-prone and low-lying plains. Forty percent (40%) of urban vegetable farmers were randomly selected to have a sample size of 94 participants. A mixed method approach was used and this involved questionnaire-administered interviews. The primary data obtained were transcribed and subjected to ANOVA and t-test analysis. From the results obtained, most of the vegetables farm plots are located predominantly in the southern part of the study area. Results indicated that vegetable farming is playing an important role in providing 84% part-time and 5% full-time employment opportunities as well as reducing food insecurity among the study participants. In addition, most farmers achieved an income of more than the minimum wage of ₦30, 000 (US$ 72. 24) as approved by the Nigerian Government. The results also showed that lack of credit facilities, seasonal variations and the high cost of farm inputs and equipment are the most serious problems faced by participants. Other challenges associated with small-scale urban farming entailed the negative environmental impacts that may lead to the decline of environmental quality, thus undermining long term sustainability. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences among participants in terms of the relationship between the type of vegetables they produce, incomes generated, environmental impacts and their demographical attributes. These attributes are the age, gender, marital status, and educational background of participants. Based on these findings, and the socio-economic importance of vegetable farming in this study area, governments and financial institutions should establish better policies in order to solve the problems faced by small-scale vegetable farmers in urban areas.

Analisis Jaringan Komunikasi pada Agribisnis Sayuran Organik di Kabupaten Bandung Barat

Organic vegetable business opportunities are quite potential with the spread of a healthy lifestyle through the consumption of organic products. The problems faced by organic vegetable farmers include the use of technology and information that is not optimal. This study aims to analyze the communication network on organic vegetable agribusiness in West Bandung Regency; and analyzing the relationship between the communication network and the capacity of organic vegetable farmers in West Bandung Regency. This research used quantitative methods with survey techniques. The total respondents who were analyzed were 105 organic vegetable farmers in Lembang, Cisarua and Parongpong Districts who were selected using systematic random sampling technique. The results of the sociogram analysis showed that the communication network in organic vegetable agribusiness has a personal structure that spreads centrally (interlocking personal network). This diffuse and concentrated pattern in each click occurred because the areas where farmers lived were far from one another and the ability of farmers to access information sources varied. Farmers who have high capacity in managing organic vegetable farming are generally active in seeking information, and are able to market their products directly to the modern retail market, whereas farmers with moderate capacity tend to establish contacts and relationships that are limited to their community.

Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems

Vegetables polyculture system is potentially increasing pathogenic fungi diversity because various plant hosts are available. There is no data about patogenic fungi diversity at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This study aimed to determine patogenic fungal diversity and disease percentage caused by the fungi at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This research used purposive random sampling. Infected plants were collected at ten polyculture farming locations and fungal identification was performed at the laboratory. Fungi were identified morphologically based on the signs, symptoms, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characters. The fungi's pathogenity was determined by applying Koch's postulate test. The data were analyzed descriptively through literature comparison. The results showed that seven fungal species were found at polyculture farms in Serang Village. The obtained fungi were Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Cercospora sp., Botryodiplodia sp., and Nigrospora sp. The lowest damage was 18.24% on tomato fruit infected by Fusarium sp. and the highest was on chili plants which was caused by Colletotrichum sp. The data is the first report for polycuture system. The obtained data has important implication for the management of vegetables farming in Serang Village.