Role of Facial Bioclimatic Conditions of Soil Formation in Burozem Geography in Coastal and Insular Landscapes of Primorsky Krai (Southern Far East of Russia)

Показано, что в условиях приокеанического положения ландшафтов прибрежно-островной зоны Приморского края (юг Дальнего Востока, Россия) совместное воздействие муссонного климата, антропогенной трансформации растительности и внутрипочвенного выветривания на процессы почвообразования обусловливает многообразие морфологических и физико-химических показателей буроземов и их пространственную дифференциацию. На примере почв трех участков на территории Приморья – юго-восточного (о-в Петрова, мыс Островной), центрального (о-в Русский), южного (о-в Большой Пелис и побережье бухты Спасения) рассмотрено варьирование физико-химических показателей (рН, содержание гумуса и его качественный состав, содержание обменных оснований, степень насыщенности основаниями) в различных подтипах буроземов. Установлена связь их пространственной дифференциации с характером растительности, геоморфологическим положением и геохимическим воздействием моря. Показано, что в ландшафтах разреженно-травяных дубовых лесов со слабым геохимическим воздействием моря распространены буроземы типичные с сильнокислой, кислой реакцией среды. Для них характерно преобладание водорода среди поглощенных катионов, низкое поступление катионов кальция и магния в почвенные растворы, гуматно-фульватный состав гумуса с аккумулятивным типом его внутрипрофильной дифференциации. В ландшафтах разреженных остепненных дубовых лесов с хорошо развитым травяным напочвенным покровом и ландшафтах травяно-кустарниковых сообществ распространены буроземы темные иллювиально-гумусовые с реакцией среды от кислой до нейтральной. В составе их почвенных растворов преобладают щелочноземельные элементы как биогенного, так и морского происхождения. Гумификация проходит по фульватно-гуматному типу с формированием высоко- и глубокогумусированного профиля. В прибрежных ландшафтах постпирогенных дубовых лесов развиты буроземы иллювиально-гумусовые пирогенные, сохраняющие фульватно-гуматный состав гумуса. На побережье юго-восточного Приморья в специфических условиях импульверизационного привноса морских вод и морских осадков в ландшафтах обедненных дубовых лесов распространены коричнево-бурые иллювиально-гумусовые буроземы. Они имеют сильнокислую реакцию среды, слабую насыщенность основаниями, гуматно-фульватный состав гумуса и характеризуются активным иллювиированием фульвокислот в средней части профиля, что обусловливает яркую коричнево-бурую окраску иллювиально-гумусового горизонта. The research focuses on previously unstudied joint effect of monsoon climate, anthropogenically transformed vegetation, and soil weathering on burozem formation in coastal and insular landscapes of Primorsky Krai (southern Far East of Russia). Soils of three sites (southeastern – Petrov Island, Cape Ostrovnoy; central – Russky Island; southern – Bolshoi Pelis Island, Spaseniya Bay coast) are studied in order to provide insight into the variation of burozem morphology and properties (рН, humus content and composition, base saturation) due to the said effect. Burozem subtype spatial distribution is shown to be largely dependent on vegetation character, burozem geomorphic position, and seawater element input to soil. Landscapes of low-grass oak forests (downwind locations with low seawater element input) are characterized by typical burozem with strongly acidic or acidic soil reaction. Typical burozem soil solution has high H+ concentration while Ca++ and Mg++ concentrations are low due to low element input. Typical burozem humus is of humate-fulvate composition with accumulation in the upper part of the profile. Landscapes of steppe oak forests with the well-developed grass layer and landscapes of grass-shrub communities (upwind locations with considerable seawater element input) give rise to dark humus illuvial burozem with soil reaction ranging from acidic to neutral. This burozem soil solution is rich in Ca++ and Mg++ of both biogenic and seawater origin. The burozem has fulvate-humate humus composition and strongly and deeply humuficated soil profile. Landscapes of the fire-damaged (pyrogenically transformed) oak forests present humus illuvial pyrogenic burozem. The burozem humus is also attributed to fulvate-humate type. Landscapes of the depleted oak forests (southeast of Primorsky Krai, upwind coastline locations with active seawater element input by impulverization) present the cinnamon brown humus illuvial burozem. The burozem has strongly acidic soil reaction and low base status. The burozem humus is of humate-fulvate composition, with fulvic acids illuviating actively into the middle part of the profile which results in a bright cinnamon brown color of humus illuvial horizon. As for the coastal and insular landscapes of Primorsky Krai, the combined action of monsoon climate, anthropogenically transformed vegetation, and soil weathering on soil formation processes is the key factor in burozem morphological, physical, and chemical diversity and spatial distribution.

Analysis of CTBT IMS Hydroacoustic hydrophone station underwater system electronics calibration sequences

<p>The end-to-end calibration from the hydrophone ceramic element input to the digitizer output of CTBT IMS Hydroacoustic (HA) hydrophone stations is measured in a laboratory environment before deployment. After the hydrophones are deployed permanently with the Underwater System (UWS) hydrophone triplets, the response of the digitizer component can be measured by activating remotely a relay which excludes the hydrophone ceramic, preamplifier and riser cable, and feeds a pre-stored known waveform into the digitizer circuit via a digital-to-analogue converter. Analysis of these underwater calibration sequences makes it possible to verify the stability of the digitizer response over time and obtain useful information for investigations which require an accurate knowledge of the system response. Results are presented showing the stability of the UWS electronics response over time and one case, pertaining to the H10S triplet of HA10 Ascension Island, where changes in the calibration response appeared after the onset of electronic noise in one hydrophone channel with cross-talk to the other two channels.</p>

A Massively Parallel Implementation of a Modular Self-Organizing Map on FPGAs

This paper describes the architecture design of novel massively parallel self-organizing map (SOM) neural networks. The proposed architecture, referred to as the planar SOM (PSOM), is described as a soft IP core synthesized in VHDL. The SOM neural network’s size and the input data vectors’ dimension are adjustable parameters. In this work, several SOM architectures are synthesized and their performance is evaluated for Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGAs. The presented hardware architecture allows online learning and can be easily adapted to a large variety of SOM topologies without a considerable design effort. A [Formula: see text] SOM hardware is validated through the FPGA implementation and its performances with an estimated working frequency of 297[Formula: see text]MHz for a 23-element input vector will reach 21,970 MCUPS in the learning phase and 35,902 MCPS in the recall one.

PRAKTIK SISTEM PENGANGGARAN MELALUI PENATAAN ARSITEKTUR DAN INFORMASI KINERJA

This study is discussing about the structure of performance information owned by Centre for Climate Finance and Multilateral Policy, Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance for fiscal year 2014 and 2015 before implementing ADIK and 2017 after implementing ADIK fully. In 2017, based on review conducted by Budgeting System Division, Directorate General of Budget, Center for Climate Finance and Multilateral Policy has fulfill the criteria in implementing ADIK. ADIK is one of many strategies to improve the quality of budgeting process which lead to a better implementation of performance based budgeting. With the approach of logic model concept in the making of ADIK, each element (input-activities-output-outcome and the performance indicators) are expected to have inter-linkage and bolster the accomplishment of output and outcome. Studi ini membahas struktur informasi kinerja yang dimiliki Pusat Kebijakan Pembiayaan Perubahan Iklim dan Multilateral (PKPPIM), Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, Kementerian Keuangan sebelum implementasi ADIK, yaitu tahun 2014, 2015 dan setelah implementasi ADIK tahun 2017. Pada tahun 2017, struktur informasi kinerja sudah disusun berdasarkan ADIK dan memenuhi kriteria yang dipersyaratkan dalam penyusunan ADIK berdasarkan hasil penelaahan Direktorat Sistem Penganggaran, Direktorat Jenderal Anggaran. ADIK merupakan salah satu strategi perbaikan kualitas penyusunan anggaran dan penyempurnaan implementasi performance-based budgeting. Dengan adanya konsep logic model yang diterapkan dalam penyusunan ADIK, setiap elemen (input-aktivitas-output-outcome beserta indikatornya) harus saling terkait, anggaran dan kegiatan diharapkan dapat disusun dengan lebih konkret, mendukung pencapaian output, hingga akhirnya mampu menghasilkan outcome yang diinginkan.

ŽAMPA’S SYSTEMS THEORY: A COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF MEASUREMENT IN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

The article outlines in memoriam Prof. Pavel Žampa’s concepts of system theory which enable us to devise a measurement in dynamic systems independently of the particular system behaviour. From the point of view of Žampa’s theory, terms like system time, system attributes, system link, system element, input, output, sub-systems, and state variables are defined. In Conclusions, Žampa’s theory is discussed together with another mathematical approaches of qualitative dynamics known since the 19th century. In Appendices, we present applications of Žampa’s technical approach to measurement of complex dynamical (chemical and biological) systems at the Institute of Complex Systems, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice.

Reducing Computational Overhead by Improving the CRI and IRI Implication Step

In conventional SISO fuzzy expert systems (n-element input,m-element output), the implication step requires theO(n×m)operations using compositional rule-based inference (CRI) and individual rule-based inference (IRI). However, this introduces excessive complexity. This paper proposes two methods, sort compositional rule-based inference (SCRI) and sort individual rule-based inference (SIRI) aiming at reducing both temporal and spatial complexity by changing the operation of the implication step toO((n+m)log2(n+m)). We also propose a divide-and-conquer technique, called Quicksort, to verify the accuracy of SCRI and SIRI algorithms deployment to easily outperform the CRI and IRI methods.