Assessing Compassion in Korean Population: Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales

A newly developed scale, the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scale (SOCS) measures compassion for others and the self-based on an empirically supported five-elements definition of compassion: (a) recognizing suffering; (b) understanding the universality of suffering; (c) feeling for the person suffering; (d) tolerating uncomfortable feelings; and (e) motivation to act/acting to alleviate suffering. This study aimed to validate a Korean version of SOCS in a Korean adult sample. We administered the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scale for Others (SOCS-O), the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scale for the Self (SOCS-S), and other self-report measures of mindfulness, self-compassion, compassionate love, wellbeing, interpersonal reactivity, and mental health problems to analyze their psychometric properties. The findings support the five-factor hierarchical structure for the SOCS-O and SOCS-S, and as well as both scales’ adequate psychometric properties of measurement invariance, interpretability, internal consistency, floor/ceiling effects, and convergent/discriminant validity.

The Development of Forgiveness and Other-Focused Love

This article explores the development of forgiveness and other-focused love and examines the role of spirituality in the relationship between forgiveness and love: (a) Do forgiveness and love develop together? (b) Does love or forgiveness predict the other at a later time? (c) Does one’s spirituality moderate the relationship between forgiveness and love? A total of 47 participants from a large Christian university in Central Virginia filled out measures of compassionate love, forgiveness, and dedication to God at Time 1 (T1) and measures of love and forgiveness after 4 weeks at Time 2 (T2). Findings showed that those who gained the most in forgiveness began low in both forgiveness and love. While love at T1 did not predict forgiveness at T1 or T2, forgiveness at T1 positively predicted love at T2 ( r = .36, p < .05), indicating that forgiveness temporally preceded love. However, the relationship between the two no longer existed after controlling for love at T1. The participants’ dedication to God at T1 did not moderate the relationship between forgiveness and love but further explained love at T2. It may be worthwhile to examine the effect of forgiveness interventions on increasing other-focused love.

Personal strengths and compassionate love for the partner in Mexico

Human nature consists of strengths whose possession has personal and interpersonal advantages. Among these are resilience, self-efficacy in the exercise of emotional regulation strategies (SEERE), optimism and subjective well-being (SWB), which can condition the expression of compassionate love (CL) towards the partner. Based on this, the objectives of this research were: 1) to identify the effect of resilience, SEERE, optimism and SWB in the CL towards the romantic partner and 2) to examine the differences in the variables mentioned by education and time in the relationship. To do this, we worked with 202 heterosexual couples from Mexico City who responded voluntarily, confidentially and anonymously. Among the results, positive and significant relationships were found between resilience, SEERE, optimism and SWB with CL towards the partner. Likewise, it was found that the higher the school level, the more resilience, optimism and flourishing; as well as differences by time in the relationship showing that CL predominates at the beginning of the relationship; while in later stages, more family support and SEERE in cognitive reappraisal are reported.

Integrating the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm with Buddhist-Inspired Compassion Meditation

While Ignatian pedagogy is distinctive in Jesuit education, scholarly attention on its applications is scanty. This article demonstrates the relevance of the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm (IPP) to compassion cultivation through showing how it integrates into a Buddhist-inspired contemplation program, Cognitively-Based Compassion Training® (CBCT®). Using a case study of a CBCT® course at a Jesuit University that developed students’ “whole person” and ethical discernment, this research analyzes how CBCT® works with the IPP’s five elements: context, experience, reflection, action, and evaluation. This study evaluates participants’ changes in their emotional well-being and ethical concerns by employing psychological measurements such as the Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale. The discussion concludes by elucidating how I have adapted this integrative pedagogical method to teach an undergraduate credited course, “Buddhist Meditation and Practice.” Broadly, this study contributes to a larger conversation about how educators can create an environment that supports both cognitive and affective learning.

Reduced Social Connectedness and Compassion Toward Close Others in Patients With Chronic Depression Compared to a Non-clinical Sample

Reduced social functioning in depression has been explained by different factors. Reduced social connectedness and prosocial motivation may contribute to interpersonal difficulties, particularly in chronic depression. In the present study, we tested whether social connectedness and prosocial motivation are reduced in chronic depression. Forty-seven patients with persistent depression and 49 healthy controls matched for age and gender completed the Inclusion of the Other in the Self Scale (IOS), the Compassionate Love Scale (CLS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with IOS and CLS as dependent variables revealed a highly significant difference between both groups. The IOS and the CLS-subscale Close Others were lower in persistent depression, whereas there was no difference in the CLS-subscale Strangers/Humanity. IOS and CLS-Close Others showed significant negative correlations with depressive symptoms. Connectedness to family members as measured by the IOS was negatively correlated with childhood trauma in patients with chronic depression. The results indicate that compassion and perceived social connection are reduced in depressed patients toward close others, but not to others in general. Implications for the treatment of depression are discussed.