LUGARES RURAIS E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DO CAPITAL: O AIRBNB COMO EVIDÊNCIA DAS URBANIDADES NO RURAL EM UM ESPAÇO EM GLOBALIZAÇÃO

O artigo pretende discutir uma particular maneira de espacialização do capital. Para isso, analisa a presença do Airbnb enquanto elemento na produção de espacialidades rurais, constituindo-se em uma evidência de urbanidades no rural num contexto de globalização e planetarização do urbano, tomando-se como exemplo o município de Nova Friburgo, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Demonstra-se como o espaço se integra e, ao mesmo tempo em que se desafiam as análises dicotômicas existentes, reafirmam-se assimetrias. Destaca-se como a presença de redes técnicas intensificam e aceleram um processo de inserção do lugar rural na escala global, através do seu modelamento para o consumo (como uma representação de espaço de lazer e turismo “antiurbano”, porém, permeado de urbanidades) e sua apropriação por empresas globais, das quais o Airbnb é um exemplo. Palavras-chave: espacialização do capital, urbanidades no rural, Airbnb, planetarização do urbano, globalização. RURAL PLACES AND THE SPATIALIZATION OF CAPITAL: AIRBNB AS AN EVIDENCE OF URBANITIES ON RURAL AREAS IN A GLOBALIZED SPACE Abstract: The article intends to discuss a particular way of spatialization of capital. It analyzes the presence of Airbnb as an element in the production of rural spatialities, constituting an evidence of urbanities on rural areas in a context of globalization and planetarization of the urban, analyzing, as an example, the municipality of Nova Friburgo - RJ. It demonstrates how the space is integrated and, at the same time that the existing dichotomous analyzes are challenged, old asymmetries are reaffirmed. It stands out how the presence of technical networks intensifies and accelerates a process of insertion of the rural place on a global scale, through its modeling for consumption (as a representation of leisure space and “anti-urban” tourism, however, permeated with urbanities) and its appropriation by global companies, whose Airbnb is an example. Keywords: spatialization of capital, Airbnb, urbanities on rural areas, planetarization of the urban, globalization. LIEUX RURALES ET ESPACIALISATION DU CAPITAL: L'AIRBNB COMME UNE EVIDENCE DES URBANITÉES EN MILLIEU RURAL SOUS UN ESPACE EN MONDIALISATION Resumé: L'article entend évoquer un mode particulier de spatialisation du capital et, pour cela, il analyse la présence d'Airbnb comme élément de production de spatialités rurales, constituant une évidence d'urbanités en milieu rural dans un contexte de mondialisation et de planétarisation de l'urbain, en prenant, à titre d'exemple, la municipalité de Nova Friburgo, dans l'état de Rio de Janeiro. Il montre comment l'espace est intégré et, en même temps que les analyses dichotomiques existantes sont remises en question, les asymétries sont réaffirmées. Il surligne aussi comment la présence de réseaux techniques intensifie et accélère un processus d'insertion du lieu rural à l'échelle mondiale, à travers sa modélisation pour la consommation (comme représentation de l'espace de loisirs et du tourisme «anti-urbain» pourtant imprégné d'urbanités) et son appropriation par des entreprises mondiales, dont Airbnb est un exemple. Mots-clés: spatialisation du capital, urbanités en milieu rural, Airbnb, planétarisation de l'urbain, mondialisation.

Age heaping among individuals in selected South Asian countries: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys

Age misreporting is a common phenomenon in Demographic and Health Surveys, and there are numerous reasons for this. The trend and pattern of disparity in age heaping vary between countries. The present study assesses age heaping in the selected South Asian countries of Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan using data from the most recent round of the Demographic and Health Survey. The respondent sample sizes were 203,703 for Afghanistan, 2,869,043 for India, 49,064 for Nepal, 81,618 for Bangladesh and 100,868 for Pakistan. Age heaping was assessed by respondent’s age, education level, sex and level of education. Whipple’s index was calculated to assess systematic heaping on certain ages as a result of digit preference. Bangladesh, Afghanistan and India showed stronger preference for ages ending with the digits ‘0’ and ‘5’ compared with Pakistan and Nepal among uneducated respondents. On the other hand, strong avoidance of ages ending in the digits ‘1’, ‘4’ and ‘9’ was observed in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and India. However, urban–rural place of residence was not found to be associated with digit preference in the study countries. Among males, age misreporting with the final digits ‘0’ and ‘5’ was highest in Bangladesh, followed by Afghanistan and India, and Nepal showed the least displacement. Strong digit preference and avoidance, and upper age displacement, were witnessed in the surveys conducted in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and India on the parameters of sex and education level. Innovative methods of data collection with the measurement and minimization of errors using statistical techniques should be used to ensure accuracy of age data.

Supports and limitations of aging in a rural place for women aged 85 and older

This chapter discusses women over the age of 85 years that live in a rural environment, such as that of Atlantic Canada, which are often considered to be an invisible cohort. It explains the invisibility of women that is primarily due to social isolation which occurs when older adults lose members of their social networks, including friends and family. It also analyzes the issue with aging women that is compounded by living in rural areas since geographical distance from others and lower populations pose additional challenges to daily social interaction. The chapter emphasizes the important of recognizing that women comprise a larger proportion of older adults because they are more likely to live longer. It points out how the imbalance in population will have serious sociodemographic impacts as women will have higher levels of frailty, depression, and widowhood while having less education.

What Role Does Rural Place Play in the Lives of Mid-Life Women in Sweden and Ireland?

Rural place is a significant influencer of the ageing and states of well-being experienced by older women. This paper extends existing knowledge on gendered rural place by examining its influence on mid-life (45–65 years) women in rural Sweden and rural Ireland. This paper also examines rural place identity, self-identity and the enhancement of the self, and the multiple pathways to place attachment at mid-life. Qualitative data were gathered in 2019 from ten women living in Sweden’s rural Värmland region, and in 2012–2013 from 25 women living in Ireland’s rural Connemara region. Adopting a social constructionist approach within a lifecourse framework, methodology was informed by constructivist grounded theory, using one-to-one semi-structured interviews. These distinct studies show both similarity and difference in rural place identity and self-identity among mid-life women, and highlight nuances around place attachment, the home, social relationships, and the natural environment. The data show a compelling need for a greater consideration of the critical and diverse role rural place plays in shaping women’s experiences of ageing and well-being both at mid-life and in older age.