Menuju Evolusi Ibadah Kristen di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

The rapid spread of COVID-19 throughout the world is changing the way everyone lives in socializing; the environment most used for a living has rapidly shrunk into homes. Business, schools, and religious services all move quickly online. No one knows precisely how long these physical and social restrictions will last -or what are the short and long-term impacts on religious life? In standard times, the presence of religious adherents in houses of worship is used by sociologists as a condition of religiosity for every religious devotee. But how can religiosity be measured in a time when people are alone? And in a time when people are not allowed to meet in large groups or even leave their homes. What will the Religiosity of Religion look like in the future? And how will the coronavirus affect the religious practices of the Nusantara religions? This paper aims to provide a way forward for studying post-pandemic evolutionary religions that are significant in Indonesia. This study uses an evaluation method in a qualitative approach. The exploration into the evolution of human religiosity is often distorted by assumptions made about religion's nature. This review explores developments in the evolution of religion and provides critical evaluations of different theoretical positions. In general, scholars believe that religion is adaptive. In this set of ideas, theologians' evolutionary insight is not a threat but rather an essential clarification of cross-cultural religion's evolution.Penyebaran COVID-19 yang cepat ke seluruh dunia mengubah cara hidup setiap orang dalam bersosialisasi; lingkungan yang paling banyak digunakan untuk hidup telah dengan cepat menyusut menjadi rumah. Bisnis, sekolah, dan layanan keagamaan semuanya bergerak cepat secara online. Tidak ada yang tahu persis berapa lama pembatasan fisik dan sosial ini akan bertahan atau apa dampak jangka pendek dan jangka panjangnya terhadap kehidupan beragama. Pada zaman standar, kehadiran pemeluk agama di rumah ibadah dimanfaatkan para sosiolog sebagai syarat religiusitas setiap pemeluk agama. Tapi bagaimana religiusitas bisa diukur di saat orang sendirian? Dan di saat orang tidak diperbolehkan bertemu dalam kelompok besar atau bahkan meninggalkan rumah. Seperti apa Religiusitas Agama di masa depan? Dan bagaimana virus corona akan mempengaruhi praktik keagamaan agama-agama Nusantara? Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan jalan ke depan untuk mempelajari agama-agama evolusioner pasca-pandemi yang signifikan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dan studi literature. Penjelajahan ke dalam evolusi religiusitas manusia sering kali terdistorsi oleh asumsi-asumsi yang dibuat tentang hakikat agama. Ulasan ini mengeksplorasi perkembangan dalam evolusi agama dan memberikan evaluasi kritis tentang posisi teoritis yang berbeda. Secara umum, para sarjana percaya bahwa agama itu adaptif. Dalam kumpulan gagasan ini, wawasan evolusioner para teolog bukanlah ancaman, melainkan klarifikasi esensial dari evolusi agama lintas budaya.

Evolution and Religious Experience. Review of Johan De Smedt’s and Helen De Cruz’s book "The Challenge of Evolution to Religion". University Printing House, Cambridge, 2020

The author of the review analyzes the book that focuses on three challenges of evolution to religion: teleology, origin of a human being, and the evolution of religion itself. De Smedt and Helen De Cruz show how these tensions arise and offer potential responses for religion. Individual religions can meet these challenges, if some of their metaphysical assumptions are adapted or abandoned.

An Introduction to Evolutionary Perspectives on Religion

Given that religious beliefs and behaviors are so pervasive and have such a powerful influence, it is vital to try to understand the psychological underpinnings of religiosity. This chapter introduces the topic of evolutionary perspectives on religion, beginning with an attempt to define “religion,” followed by a primer on evolutionary psychology and the concept of evolved psychological mechanisms. With this framework in place, the chapter then provides an overview of key adaptationist and byproduct hypotheses of various components of religion, highlighting the complementary nature of these hypotheses and their roles in forming a cohesive understanding of the evolution of religion. Concepts introduced in this chapter include hyperactive agency detection, minimally counterintuitive concepts, in-group cooperation, costly signaling theory, gods as moralizing agents, and cultural evolution.

The evolution of religious cognition

Several accounts of the evolution of religion distinguish two phases: an earlier shamanic stage and a later doctrinal stage. Similarly, several theories of human cognition distinguish two cognitive modes: a phylogenetically older system that is largely intuitive and a later, more distinctively human system that is more rational and articulate. This article suggests that cognition in the earlier stage in the evolution of religion is largely at the level of intuition, whereas the cognition of doctrine or religion is more conceptual and rational. Early religious cognition is more embodied and is more likely to carry healing benefits. The evolutionary origins of religion in humans seem to depend on developments in the cognitive architecture. It is further suggested that the cognition of early religion shows less conceptual differentiation, is characteristically participatory rather than objectifying and is less individualistic. The development of religion in recent centuries appears to show some approximate recapitulation of the stages through which religion originally evolved.

Sexual selection and religion: Can the evolution of religion be explained in terms of mating strategies?

This article considers the application of sexual selection theory to the study of religion by discussing the basic concepts and theories in sexual selection and then outlines possibilities of its application to the study of the evolution of religion. The first section outlines basic principles in the sexual selection account, including the evolution of human mating strategies based on dimorphism, gender differences in human mating strategies, and the role of different cultural activities in mating dynamics. Such an overview may be useful for the readers who are less familiar with the basic assumptions of the sexual selection theory. The remaining sections demonstrate how religion may function as a signal for mating qualities associated with a long-term mating strategy and how different facets of religiosity may help to support long-term mating strategies. The key idea of the article is that there are good reasons to try to explain the evolution of at least some of the components of religion in terms of sexual selection.