Article 6—Preservation of Cultural Heritage

This chapter discusses Article 6 of Directive 2019/790 regarding the copyright in Europe, which allows cultural heritage institutions to make copies of any works or other subject matter in any format or medium for the purposes of preservation. It examines the mandate on Member States to permit cultural heritage institutions to reproduce works and other subject matter to address technological obsolescence or the degradation of original supports. It also refers to the acts of reproduction undertaken by cultural heritage institutions that are subject to the authorisation of rightholders. The chapter looks at the statute that permit cultural heritage institutions that do not have the technical means or expertise to request the assistance of other cultural institutions and other third parties to preserve their collections. It clarifies the consideration of works and other subject matter to be permanent in the collection of a cultural heritage institution.

FROM PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE SMARTPHONE INDUSTRY: AN EVOLUTION OF STRATEGIES EMBODIED IN PRODUCT FEATURES

Planned obsolescence can artificially increase sales by stimulating desire or perceived need. This can be done in many ways and some companies are releasing newer models sooner than necessary or engineering the product to fail after a certain amount of use. In recent years, we have observed a change in the pattern of planned obsolescence strategies employed by technological companies, shifting from aesthetic to technological obsolescence. The reaction to this model comes from social enterprises and grassroots movements addressing the circular economy and repairability. This paper illustrates these relationships in context, taking the mobile phone industry as a case study. We focus on product architecture and product features, as a reference point to discuss the embodiment of strategies, and the degree of control the consumer is given for repairing the product. Using netnography as a method to collect data in a digital-mediated environment, this paper highlights how planned obsolescence strategies are embedded in product characteristics and summarises their evolution. It concludes by opposing planned obsolescence strategies to circular economy principles to discuss more sustainable pathways for the smartphone industry.

Ruins of Excess: Computer Game Images and the Rendering of Technological Obsolescence

In this article, we describe three layers of ruins related to computer game technology: in a surface layer, we examine the imagery of ruins in digital games, highlighting game design tools for developing in-game ruination. Secondly, we approach the industrial design model of technological obsolescence as an infrastructural layer that intrinsically demands the production of new provisional spaces for material decay. Lastly, through a waste layer, we unfold the geopolitical dimension of technological obsolescence, calling attention to the transcontinental flows of electronic waste, which also underscores a geological stage of ruination. While exploring these different layers of ruins, we wish to perceive how game design models might relate to different forms of contemporary ruination, inquiring what such material traces have to say as strata of the complex deterioration processes of present-day media.

METODOLOGÍA PARA LA REUTILIZACIÓN DE LA BASURA TECNOLÓGICA EN LA ASIGNATURA DE ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORAS

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated into everyday processes in people's practical lives. Man's demands for technology are increasing, significantly reducing the time of use of the media, causing the phenomenon known as technological obsolescence. The problems described above directly impact the environment through garbage dumps, the escape of particles into the seas, among other effects. In Cuba, numerous efforts are being made to reduce the impact on the ecology for which a recycling program has been drawn up through the Raw Materials Company. However, there are components that, due to their nature of construction or composition, are not possible to recycle with the tools that the country currently has. This research describes a solution to the problem posed by creating a methodological proposal aimed at technological reuse. The field of action is the Computer Architecture subject taught in the Computer Science Engineering career, a set of activities is proposed for distribution in the subject contents.

Impact of Generational Commonality of Short Life Cycle Products in Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Processes

Short life cycle products are frequently replaced and discarded, even though they are resource-intensive products. Technological advances and rapid changes in demand have led manufacturers to develop their innovative next-generation products quickly, which not only enables multiple generations to coexist in the market but also speeds up the technological obsolescence of products. Diversity of collected end-of-life (EoL) and rapid technological obsolescence make the effective recovery of EoL products difficult. The low utilization rate of EoL products causes serious environmental problems such as e-waste and waste of natural resources. To deal with the conflict between the technical evolution of products and the promotion of social benefits in solving environmental problems, this paper focuses on the impact of generational commonality effects on the overall production process including manufacturing and remanufacturing. Generational commonality leads to an increase in the efficiency of manufacturing due to reducing related costs. Additionally, from the remanufacturing perspective, the interchangeability between generations can help collect the EoL products needed for remanufacturing. On the other hand, it causes a weakening of the level of performance and technology evolution between generations that significantly affect the demand for short life cycle products. Therefore, this study identifies these trade-offs of generational commonality levels in both manufacturing and remanufacturing based on a quantitative approach. This study finds how different pricing strategies, production plans, and recovery costs are based on the designs of a new generation with a different degree of generational commonality.