Bioactive components, enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities of biofortified yellow maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) composite biscuits

This study evaluated the bioactive components, enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities of biofortified yellow maize (YM) and cowpea (CP) composite biscuits. Composites of YM and CP, mixed at the ratios of 100:0 (YM); 75:25 (YMCP-1); 50:50 (YMCP-2); 25:75 (YMCP-3) and 0:100 (CP), were used to bake composite biscuits designated YM-B, YMCP-1B, YMCP-2B, YMCP-3B and CP-B, respectively. Refined wheat flour (WT) served as the control biscuit (WT-B). The bioactive components (total carotenoids, total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and total saponins), enzymes (pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase) inhibitory and antioxidant (ABTS*+, DPPH* scavenging and reducing power) activities of the flours and biscuits were determined. Total carotenoids content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing proportion of YM, while total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids and saponins contents, enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities increased with increasing proportion of CP in the composite flours and biscuits. Among the composite biscuits, YMCP-3B had the strongest (p < 0.05) enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The composite biscuits, especially YMCP-3B, may serve as functional biscuits for retarding the rate of fatty acids and glucose formation, and mitigating oxidative stress, which represent a clinical strategy for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Description of Komagataeibacter melaceti sp. nov. and Komagataeibacter melomenusus sp. nov. Isolated from Apple Cider Vinegar

Two novel strains AV382 and AV436 were isolated from a submerged industrial bioreactor for production of apple cider vinegar in Kopivnik (Slovenia). Both strains showed very high (≥98.2%) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Komagataeibacter species, but lower 16S–23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The highest similarity of the 16S–23S rRNA gene ITS of AV382 was to Komagataeibacter kakiaceti LMG 26206T (91.6%), of AV436 to Komagataeibacter xylinus LMG 1515T (93.9%). The analysis of genome sequences confirmed that AV382 is the most closely related to K. kakiaceti (ANIb 88.2%) and AV436 to K. xylinus (ANIb 91.6%). Genome to genome distance calculations exhibit for both strains ≤47.3% similarity to all type strains of the genus Komagataeibacter. The strain AV382 can be differentiated from its closest relatives K. kakiaceti and Komagataeibacter saccharivorans by its ability to form 2-keto and 5-keto-D-gluconic acids from glucose, incapability to grow in the presence of 30% glucose, formation of C19:0 cyclo ω8c fatty acid and tolerance of up to 5% acetic acid in the presence of ethanol. The strain AV436 can be differentiated from its closest relatives K. xylinus, Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans, and Komagataeibacter nataicola by its ability to form 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, growth on 1-propanol, efficient synthesis of cellulose, and tolerance to up to 5% acetic acid in the presence ethanol. The major fatty acid of both strains is C18:1ω7c. Based on a combination of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, the strains AV382T and AV436T represent novel species of the genus Komagataeibacter, for which the names Komagataeibactermelaceti sp. nov. and Komagataeibacter melomenusus are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Komagataeibacter melaceti is AV382T (= ZIM B1054T = LMG 31303T = CCM 8958T) and of Komagataeibacter melomenusus AV436T (= ZIM B1056T = LMG 31304T = CCM 8959T).

Model Matematika Kendali Optimal Intensitas Cahaya Dan Nutrisi Pada Pertumbuhan Mikroalga Dengan Menggunakan Metode Pontryagin

Microalgae are the most primitive plant-sized cellular organisms commonly known as phytoplankton. The habitat of its life is in waters or humid places. This organism is a primary producer of water that has any capability to photosynthesis like any other high-level plants. This study examines mathematically the optimal control of light intensity and liquid waste nutrition in microalgae growth. Growth liter is done by setting the intensity of light in the process of glucose formation and nutrition tofu liquid waste, tapioca, industry, and households as the additional nutrients of microalgae. The Pontryagin maximun principles is used to determine the optimal control solution. The solution is solved from the state and co-state equation that stationery evaluated using the indexed performance maks 𝐽[𝑢1 + 𝑢2 ] = ∫ 𝐺(𝑡) − 𝑡𝑓 𝑡0 𝑆(𝑡) − 1 2 𝑢1 (𝑡) 2 − 1 2 𝑢2 (𝑡) 2𝑑𝑡 with the stationer condition that gives the optimal control 𝑢1 ∗ = 𝛾2𝛼2𝑄𝐵 and 𝑢2 ∗ = −𝛾5𝜌1𝑆. The results shows that before the optimal control of light intensity and nutrition of liquid waste is applied, the concentration of microalgae biomass becomes 5.915 g / liter on the 20th day stayed at the 105th day. The lipid quota with an initial value of 0.6 g/liter will decrease to 0.2 g / liter at 4th day which is the equilibrium point. Optimal control of the regulation of light intensity of 2-9 klux and liquid waste nutrition provided a significant increase in the amount of microalgae biomass and lipid quota, with the regulation of light intensity of 2- 9 klux and tofu liquid waste nutrition which gave the largest increase in the amount of microalgae biomass and lipid quota

Highly efficient production of Aspergillus niger amylase cocktail by solid-state fermentation using triticale grains as a well-balanced substrate

Triticale (Triticosecale, Wittmak) an important industrial crop, with high grain yield, containing high amounts of starch, proteins and also major and minor mineral elements, is not sufficiently utilized yet. The simultaneous production of ?-amylase and glucoamylase isoforms by Aspergillus niger on triticale grains, without any nutritive supplements, has been developed, optimized and scaled up 10 fold for the first time. The specific combination of examined effects led to the production of a novel glucoamylase isoform. Reduction of particle size, increase of oxygen availability and substrate height lead to increase of amylases production of 30%. Reduction of relative humidity from 65% to 30% increased glucoamylase production 2 times and ?-amylase production for 30%. Peak production of ?-amylase (158 U/g) and glucoamylase (170 U/g) were obtained in erlenmayers and in scaled-up trays. The obtained A. niger amylase cocktail was more efficient in raw starch hydrolysis from wheat flour, 29% more efficient in glucose formation and 10% more efficient in total reducing sugar formation, than commercially available amylase cocktail SAN Super 240L widely used in industry.