Nanone interactions in antibody of living systems

One of the facts about how nanoparticle assemble and act is revealed using carbon value in biomolecule of living system here. This is how the biomolecules interact to bring about a micro or even macro level interaction in system of interest. This study shows micro level understanding can be better utilized from carbon analysis at nano level. I plan to extend this phenomena of change from nano to micro for building large scale applications in human nature. Applications include corrections in both at sequence and structure level for permanent recovery of defective one, adding flavor to the existing biomolecule for faster delivery or recovery etc. I have demonstrated here the active role played by carbon and all. This might be extended to another system of setup where new applications yet to be created. One can extend this phenomena of change from nano to large scale one.

Dynamic life-cycle carbon analysis for fast pyrolysis biofuel produced from pine residues: implications of carbon temporal effects

Background Woody biomass has been considered as a promising feedstock for biofuel production via thermochemical conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis. Extensive Life Cycle Assessment studies have been completed to evaluate the carbon intensity of woody biomass-derived biofuels via fast pyrolysis. However, most studies assumed that woody biomass such as forest residues is a carbon–neutral feedstock like annual crops, despite a distinctive timeframe it takes to grow woody biomass. Besides, few studies have investigated the impacts of forest dynamics and the temporal effects of carbon on the overall carbon intensity of woody-derived biofuels. This study addressed such gaps by developing a life-cycle carbon analysis framework integrating dynamic modeling for forest and biorefinery systems with a time-based discounted Global Warming Potential (GWP) method developed in this work. The framework analyzed dynamic carbon and energy flows of a supply chain for biofuel production from pine residues via fast pyrolysis. Results The mean carbon intensity of biofuel given by Monte Carlo simulation across three pine growth cases ranges from 40.8–41.2 g CO2e MJ−1 (static method) to 51.0–65.2 g CO2e MJ−1 (using the time-based discounted GWP method) when combusting biochar for energy recovery. If biochar is utilized as soil amendment, the carbon intensity reduces to 19.0–19.7 g CO2e MJ−1 (static method) and 29.6–43.4 g CO2e MJ−1 in the time-based method. Forest growth and yields (controlled by forest management strategies) show more significant impacts on biofuel carbon intensity when the temporal effect of carbon is taken into consideration. Variation in forest operations and management (e.g., energy consumption of thinning and harvesting), on the other hand, has little impact on the biofuel carbon intensity. Conclusions The carbon temporal effect, particularly the time lag of carbon sequestration during pine growth, has direct impacts on the carbon intensity of biofuels produced from pine residues from a stand-level pine growth and management point of view. The carbon implications are also significantly impacted by the assumptions of biochar end-of-life cases and forest management strategies.

VERIES CITIES OF ANCIENT INDIA : AN ANALYTICAL SURVEY

Despite finding the scholars being divided in their opinions, the glorious antiquities of ancient India still continue to grow in stature since time immemorial. The rudimentary remnants of hoary tradition and a journey from the ancient, original and enriched nature of Indian culture to Gupta Dynasty with a passage through the epic age amply vouchsafes the very purpose of the article. With the subdivisions of historical ages, the cities in the Indus Valley Civilization with particular emphasis on the twin cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro along with some cardinal Archaeological credentials as well as discoveries have also been amply highlighted. In addition to that, archeologists, anthologists and ancient historians to the calibre of Sir John Marshall, Hieun Tsang, Daya Ram Sahni,Rakhal Das Bandyopadhya, Nani Gopal Mazumdar, E.J.H. Macky together with excavation samples, carbon analysis, pictograph,inscriptions,numismatic testimonies, different chronological references documented the erstwhile town planning, metropolitan civilization, societal pattern, rituals till the approach of the Aryans. The age of Rgveda and Mahabharata with the historical evidences of Epic cities like (1) Hastinapur, (2) Indraparastha, (3)Girivraja,(4)Mathura, (5) Dwarka, (6) Mahismati (7) Pragjyotishpur, (8) Prabhas, (9) Ayodhya, (10) Mithila have been cited alongside. Henceforth the article aims to allude the noteworthy references from Cities in the Period of Sungas&Guptas in reference of the populaces like Puruspur, Sakala, and historically famous provinces like Uttarapatha (including kandharpart) - Taxila ,(2) Avantrirattha (westrn part)- Ujjayini, (3) Dakhahinapatha - Suvarnagiri ,(4) Kalinga - Tosali (orisya) (5) Prachya, Prachina, Pras- Pataliputra. Thus with a renewed mission of rediscovering ancient India in light of the scientific skill and neatly organised enterprise of the erstwhile civilization, the article tends to delineate contemporary town plans, granaries, ports, tradings and prosperous populaces.

RADICULAR BIOMASS AND ORGANIC CARBON OF THE SOIL IN FOREST FORMATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN AMAZONIAN MESOREGION

ABSTRACT The soils of the Amazon region, despite being under one of the densest forests in the world, are mostly characterized by the low availability of nutrients, with litter being the main route of nutrient entry. The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass of fine roots in the dry and rainy seasons of the year, including the organic carbon of the soil, and to compare the results in different study environments. The study was carried out in environments of native forest and reforestation aged over 20 years, located in the municipality of Humaitá – AM state. To assess the root biomass, collections were carried out in two periods of the year: dry and rainy seasons. In each of the study areas, five trenches, 0.40 m deep by 0.40 m wide, were dug manually at depths of 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm. For the organic carbon analysis, soil samples were collected in the form of clods at the same depths. The production of root biomass in the native forest environment occurred more intensely in the rainy season, reaching values of 8.19 t. ha-1, greater than 3.57 t. ha-1 found in reforestation. The density as a function of the soil volume showed that the highest concentration is found in the first 5 centimeters of depth, differing significantly in the 5-15 and 15-30 cm layers for native forest area. The organic carbon of the soil showed significance between the dry and rainy seasons for the natural forest environments and reforestation with genipap.