The Medicalization of Hunger and the Postwar Period

This chapter looks at the experiments carried out on starving people in the 1940s, when hunger was medicalized and intricate examination regimes rolled out in emergency conditions. In this period, the expansive visions of the interwar period contracted and hunger, accordingly, became more narrowly conceived as a biochemical and medical problem. Many studies such as the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, which focused on human starvation, took place during the 1930s and 1940s. This chapter examines how they shared the same basic interest in the human biology of starvation, accumulating detailed information about starvation and its internal manifestations. In the process they reconfigured food as a medicine, hunger as a disease, and focused attention on the internal mechanics of the body.

KANIBALISME PADA YUWANA IKAN KERAPU MACAN (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) DALAM KONDISI PEMELIHARAAN SECARA TERKONTROL

Ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) merupakan ikan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi penting sebagai komoditas ekspor dan telah berhasil dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam budi daya ikan tersebut yaitu masih tingginya tingkat kanibalisme pada pemeliharaan secara intensif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui frekuensi gigitan, menelan, dan mortalitas pada pemeliharaan yuwana ikan kerapu macan dan upaya pengendaliannya. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap, yaitu penelitian variasi ukuran yang dipuasakan (Penelitian I) dan variasi ukuran dengan kepadatan jembret yang berbeda (Penelitian II) terhadap terjadinya kanibalisme, seperti frekuensi gigitan, menelan, dan mortalitas telah dilakukan. Ukuran yuwana kerapu macan yang digunakan sebagai hewan uji terdiri atas tiga ukuran, yaitu ukuran kecil, sedang, dan besar. Hasil penelitian I menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan (P<0,0001) di antara perlakuan terhadap frekuensi gigitan, menelan, dan mortalitas. Penelitian II menunjukkan juga adanya perbedaan (P<0,0006) di antara perlakuan terhadap frekuensi gigitan, menelan dan mortalitas. Kepadatan jembret 1.000 individu/L dapat mengurangi kanibalisme.Tiger grouper, E. fusoguttatus is one of the marine finfish species have a high economic value as an export commodity in Indonesia. Mass production of this species has largely been successful in Indonesia. However, cannibalism is a main problem can be reduced mass production during in an intensive culture system. The aim of this experiment is to examine frequency of bitting and swallowing, mortality, and its control. This experiment was focused on size variation and mysid density that affect on frequency of bitting, frequency of swallowing, and mortality. The fry of tiger grouper used in this experiment was consisted of three sizes (small, medium, and big). Two kinds of experiments were set up namely size variation and starvation (experiment I) and size variation and mysid density (experiment II). The result showed that size variation indicated that significantly different (P<0.0001) in frequency of bitting and swallowing, and mortality and also mysid density could affect the frequency of biting and swallowing, and mortality (P<0.0006) among the treatments. Mysid density (1,000 individu/L) could be reduced the cannibalism.

The Effect of Stress and Starvation on Bratn Serotonin Utilization in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus)

The effects of stress and starvation on brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were studied in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Three experimental protocols were used to elucidate (1) the effect of stress in fish given food, (2) the effect of starvation, and (3) the effect of stress in fish deprived of food. In the stress experiments, fish were stressed three times a day over a four-week period, and in the starvation experiment the fish were starved for a four-week period. Stressed fish, whether given food or not, showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HIAA, the main 5-HT metabolite, in both the telencephalon and the brain stem. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio (an index of serotonergic activity) was also significantly increased in the brain of stressed fish. In the telencephalon of starved fish, the 5-HT concentration was significantly decreased. However, starvation had no effect on 5-HIAA concentrations or 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios in either the telencephalon or the brain stem. These results suggest that stress increases brain serotonergic activity in Arctic charr, while starvation has no effect on the utilization of this transmitter system. It is suggested that stress could be a mediator of the increased 5-HTAA levels and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios recently observed in low-ranking Arctic charr in a dominance hierarch.