The Medicalization of Hunger and the Postwar Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-120
Author(s):  
Tom Scott-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Starvation Experiment

This chapter looks at the experiments carried out on starving people in the 1940s, when hunger was medicalized and intricate examination regimes rolled out in emergency conditions. In this period, the expansive visions of the interwar period contracted and hunger, accordingly, became more narrowly conceived as a biochemical and medical problem. Many studies such as the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, which focused on human starvation, took place during the 1930s and 1940s. This chapter examines how they shared the same basic interest in the human biology of starvation, accumulating detailed information about starvation and its internal manifestations. In the process they reconfigured food as a medicine, hunger as a disease, and focused attention on the internal mechanics of the body.

scholarly journals Brief Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Teacher and Course Attendee Perspectives on Content

Mindfulness ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Birtwell ◽  
Rebecca Morris ◽  
Christopher J. Armitage
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Home Practice ◽  
Mixed Methods Design ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Intervention Content

Abstract Objectives While brief mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) show promise, stakeholder involvement in their design is lacking and intervention content can vary substantially. The aim of this study is to explore stakeholder perspectives of brief MBIs, brief MBI content, and adapting existing MBIs. Methods In this convergent mixed methods design study, 22 mindfulness teachers and 20 mindfulness course attendees completed an online UK-based survey. Twenty-six participants were female, and mean age was 50.8 years. Data from closed questions were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and data from open questions were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Findings suggest a brief MBI could comprise five 80-min sessions and include focused attention practice, informal mindfulness, inquiry, psychoeducation, and 20 min of daily home practice. Opinions of some elements differed among participants, such as the body scan, poetry, and the sitting with difficulty practice. Four themes were generated from participants’ comments about their attitudes to brief MBIs, which were generally positive but expressed concerns about insufficient content and poor delivery. Three themes were generated about adapting MBIs, suggesting tensions between adhering to a curriculum and meeting group needs. Five themes were generated from views about the content and characteristics of MBIs, highlighting the importance of accessibility, teacher training, and participant safety. Conclusions Brief MBIs may increase access to mindfulness training, yet there is a need for adequate governance and transparency regarding their strengths and limitations. Clarity and evidence of MBI mechanisms along with scientific literacy in teachers will support fidelity-consistent modifications.

scholarly journals Atmosphere of societal anxiety and representations of the body: The image of man in surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval in the 20th century interwar period in Bohemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Brzezińska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Lyric Poetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Surrealist Poetry

Aim: The interwar period in Czechoslovakia was a time of societal anxiety. The aim of this paper is to find the central themes of societal fear, as reflected in the surrealist works of Vítězslav Nezval, a czech poet. The analysis will be based primarily on the lyric poetry from the collections: Žena v množném čísle [Woman in Plural] (1936) and Absolutní hrobař [Absolute Gravedigger] (1937). Methods: The analysis is based on the Josef Vojdovík’s anthropo-phenomenological method of exploring the surrealist perceptions of the body, which is based on vertical and horizontal anthropological dimensions and phenomenological conceptions of fears. Results: Surrealist poetry and other literary works contain images of the body that are changed by fear: deformations, metamorphoses, fragmentarisations, hybridisations, expressing the body as a collage, a mosaic, an amalgam, a phantom, a grotesque, an inlay, and as lifelessness. It undergoes multiple metamorphoses, not only within its own form, but also with regard to the categories of life and lifelessness. Conclusions: The analysis leads to the conclusion, that V. Nezval’s works show a clear tendency to portray the body as an object which undergoes a metamorphosis. The body is balanced on the edge between living and dead, organic and inorganic, it is determined by time and space. It is often shown along the narrowing-widening relation, in stupor, petrification, reduced to a flat surface or miniaturised.

scholarly journals Norwid w poezji współczesnej. Formy obecności

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 Specjalny ◽  
pp. 189-215
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kudyba
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Contemporary Poetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
World War ◽  
Literary Identity ◽  
Literary Life ◽  
Second World

The article attempts to establish the character of references to Norwid in texts by poets representative of Polish modernity, accounting for functions of intertextual allusions, initially in the area of collective consciousness. As it turns out, during the interwar period and the Second World War works by the Romantic master were referenced at all stages of developing a distinct literary identity. Poets would not just read Norwid’s texts, but in fact regard themselves in the mirror of his works. However, after 1956 Norwid’s presence in literary life was rooted in the needs of literary scholars rather than in actual intertextual references. This tendency also manifests in studies of works by individual authors. It does happen – especially when we speak of implicit traces of Norwid in contemporary poetry – that the plane of relations between authors is not addressed by interpreters. Sometimes, dialogue as a research category disappears from their view, while the body of Norwid’s works is treated merely as a context, becoming a kind of mirror meant to display more fully a certain theme or characteristic of somebody’s writing. However, the most important forms of Norwid’s functioning in contemporary times are ones that facilitate meetings(successfulor not), as demonstrated by the fascination with Norwid’s poetry recognizable in texts by authors such as Mieczysław Jastrun, Julian Przyboś and Tadeusz Różewicz.

scholarly journals STROKE

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
ASAD ALI ◽  
AHMAD DANYAL ◽  
AFTAB TURABI
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cerebral Lesion ◽  
Cerebral Function ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
The Brain

Stroke was defined according to WHO criteria as rapidly developingsymptoms and / or signs of focal and at times global loss of cerebral function with no apparent cause other than thatof vascular disease1. Stroke is grossly divided into either2 1). Thrombotic. 2). Embolic. 3).Hemorrhagic type (Whichmay be either intra cerebral bleed or subarachnoid hemorrhage). The brain, like other organs of the body, requires anadequate vascular system in order to supply it with nutrients and oxygen and to remove metabolic wastes and carbondioxide. Stabilization of medical problem with careful monitoring, and active prevention and timely management ofsecondary complications are of the utmost important for reducing stroke morality rates and avoiding further ischemicbrain injury. For the ischemic cerebral lesion itself, as yet no treatment or combination of treatment has beenestablished to be universally effective3. However, current studies allow for the following 5 potential therapeutic areasto be identified.

Postwar Third-Way Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Mendes Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Income ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Institutional Work ◽  
Third Way ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Point Of Departure

The article focuses on François Perroux’s work at the second half of the 1940s, at the moment when he redefines his third-way ideas in terms of a liberal interventionist perspective. The point of departure is an interpretation of Perroux’s intellectual trajectory during the interwar period, as a way of understanding how his investigations in the field of national income and planning finally became an essential part of his third-way perspectives, previously formulated in corporatist terms but partially reshaped in the immediate postwar period. Particular attention is paid to the institutional work led by him on national accounts in the first years of the Institut de Science Économique Appliquée. Refusing to analyze Perroux’s contribution in terms of eclecticism, the article attempts to critically illuminate complementarities and continuities in the author’s analytical framework between the interwar and postwar periods.

Here Is My Name When I Am Dead

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel McBride Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Modes Of Representation

This chapter explores death and mourning pictures within a shifting memorial culture that was rooted in historical modes of representation and theologies of redemption. Over the course of the nineteenth century, photographic portraiture emerged within this memorial culture as both the preferred iconography of mourning in nineteenth-century America and, significantly, as a relic of the departed that disclosed future glory to the bereaved. In this chapter, I explore the role of photographs as relics that illuminated the communion of shadows by mediating the body of the deceased with the grieving body of the bereaved. Here, photographs were devised not as tokens of the moldering body of the deceased but of promise of celestial reunion in glory. As memorial portraiture focused attention on the body of the deceased, another facet within the communion of shadows purported to provide evidence of the soul’s survival after death.

Plural Bodies, Pluriversal Humans: Questioning the Ontology of ‘Body’ in Design

Somatechnics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-305
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Ontological Turn ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Multiple Ontologies

All designing, as well as everything designed, is ontological: things shape and form humans, just as humans shape and give form to them (Willis, 2006, Fry, 2013). However, there is no ontology of the human in the singular sense, but plural, multiple ontologies, and therefore, no human, but only humans. This paper proposes the introduction of a provocation to disturb notions of the ontologically designed body, and in fact, of how we think of what a ‘body’ is, by turning to the insights offered up by a body of literature hitherto relatively unexamined in design research: the ontological turn in anthropology. By turning to a survey of the work done by cultural anthropologists on different cosmologies and cultures, I intend to demonstrate that the Anglo-Eurocentric conception of the ontologically singular body, signified in terms of the “universality” of human biology, is in fact, only one of many ways of bodily being and relating to the body; that matters of the body are locally situated and specific to communities and environments; and therefore, what we mean by ‘the body’ is in fact also plural, multistable, and wrought with incommensurabilities between human communities and cultures. The essay will end with a re-evaluation of ontological designing and speculations on what design could do, through an engagement with examples of ‘other’ ontologies and definitions of body.

Towards a Biological Theory of the Body in Performance

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. 86-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Pradier
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Human Biology ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
Crowd Behaviour ◽  
The University ◽  
Biological Context

In previous issues of NTQ. we have begun to explore the complex questions raised by the interaction of the study of theatrical performance with other disciplines – notably, in the various interpretations of ‘theatre anthropology’, in the widely divergent approaches to ‘theatre sociology’, and even in terms of its application to quantum theory. Many of these studies have made necessary assumptions in the area of human biology without, however, fully following through their implications. Jean-Marie Pradier. who teaches in the Drama Department of the University of Paris 8, here looks at theatre and other modes of performance as ‘biological events’, exploring their importance in the manifestation (and correction) of the way the human body works – in the process touching on areas as diverse as the bio-dramatic function of dreams, the significance of neo-natal rhythms, and olfactory stimulation as one of the influences upon crowd behaviour. Acknowledging the need for further research in the field. Pradier argues for the importance of the ‘body in performance’ being perceived in its biological context.

The face of sport in the Polish State Police in the interwar period

2019 ◽  
Vol Special Issue ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Marcin Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
State Police ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sports Skills

Sport has accompanied mankind since ancient times. It is thanks to sport that we are healthier and can enjoy life. The smallest sporting effort causes the body to produce endorphins that make us feel happy. Not without significance is the fact that sport, but in its professional dimension, prepares people who practice it to a great effort. In the face of threats, unforeseen events, people who practice sports can find their way around the situation and take appropriate actions. Therefore, just as police officers face difficult service in the present day, police officers had to face up to the challenges posed in the interwar period. In 1918 Poland regained its independence, and the authorities were responsible for ensuring the security of the country. Therefore, on 24 July 1919, the State Police was established by law. Due to the nature of the tasks performed, the police officers were required to be physically fit. In order to meet this challenge, pro-sports organizations were established, which by their actions were to raise the level of sports skills of both the society and the officers. The factor which was to motivate uniformed officers to work on their physical fitness was the introduction of the National Police Sports Competitions, which were nationwide in scope. Undoubtedly, this form of competition, as well as mobilization, led to the fact that on the basis of Police Sports Clubs, physical culture in the State Police significantly developed. The article presents the face of sport in the interwar period in the Polish State Police, its development and influence on the officers themselves, as well as its further importance in the history of sport in Poland.

Screening tools for identifying a high probability of obstructive sleep apnea

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Juris Svaza ◽  
Jekaterina Grava ◽  
Jana Smolko
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Sleep Study ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Patient Questionnaires

Background. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical problem that affects up to 5% of the population. The majority of OSA patients are undiagnosed and have a potential for perioperative complications. Our study was conducted to validate the most widely used screening tools for identifying high risk OSA patients and to find the most predictable physical signs and symptoms of OSA. Materials and methods. At the Sleep Laboratory of Riga Stradins University, 100 patients with suspected OSA were asked to fill in patient questionnaires prior to the sleep study. The patients’ anthropometric data, physical signs and medical history were collected. To confirm the diagnosis of OSA, all patients underwent a full night sleep study. To find the possible correlation, the data collected from the questionnaires were compared with the data from sleep studies. Results. Patients (n = 100) at a mean age of 47 yrs. (23–73), 22 women, 78 men. No OSA was found in 17%, mild OSA in 23%, moderate OSA in 21%, severe OSA in 39% of the patients. A strong correlation between the body mass index (BMI; p 

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