Antimicrobial Activity of Stenochlaena palustris and Sauropus androgynus in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candidia albicans

Stenochlaena palustris and Sauropus androgynus are known to contains antimicrobial substances such as flavonoids, saponins and tannins compounds.The purpose of this study was to analyzes the antimicrobial activity of young and old leaf infusions of S. palustris and S. androgynus leaves against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Analyze the antibacterial activity of a single preparations with a combination preparation of S.palustris (SP) and S.androgynus (SA) leaves infusion against S.aureus, E.coli and C.albicans. Leaves of S.palustris young part (SP1) taken 0-10 cm from shoots and old parts (SP2) 11-20 cm from shoots, while leaves of S.androgynus young part (SA1) leaves number 1 - 10 from the top and the old part (SA2) leaves number 11-20 from the top. The results showed that a single infusion of SP1 75% and SP2 75%, SA1 90% and SA2 90%, and a combination of SP1 75% and SA1 75%, SP2 75% and SA2 75% have the same activity as ampicillin in S.aureus. Single infusion of SP1 90% and SP2 90%, SA1 90% and SA2 90%, combination of SP1 75% and SA1 80% and the combination of SP2 80% and SA2 60% have the same activity as ciprofloxacin in E. coli. Single infusion of SP1 90% and SP2 90%, and a combination of SP1 80% and SA1 80%, SP2 80% and SA2 80% have the same activity as ketoconazole in C.albicans. The difference in activity due to differences in leaf parts used only occurred in E. coli, whereas in S.aureus and C.albicans (p <0.05).

Toy story or children story? Putting children and their rights at the forefront of the artificial intelligence revolution

Policymakers need to start considering the impact smart connected toys (SCTs) have on children. Equipped with sensors, data processing capacities, and connectivity, SCTs targeting children increasingly penetrate pervasively personal environments. The network of SCTs forms the Internet of Toys (IoToys) and often increases children's engagement and playtime experience. Unfortunately, this young part of the population and, most of the time, their parents are often unaware of SCTs’ far-reaching capacities and limitations. The capabilities and constraints of SCTs create severe side effects at the technical, individual, and societal level. These side effects are often unforeseeable and unexpected. They arise from the technology's use and the interconnected nature of the IoToys, without necessarily involving malevolence from their creators. Although existing regulations and new ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence provide remedies to address some of the side effects, policymakers did not develop these redress mechanisms having children and SCTs in mind. This article provides an analysis of the arising side effects of SCTs and contrasts them with current regulatory redress mechanisms. We thereby highlight misfits and needs for further policymaking efforts.