Background. Retinal vessel occlusion (RVO) is an eye disease that leads to decreased visual acuity, ultimately resulting in blindness. RVO is observed in 1%–2% of individuals older than 40 years. The etiology of RVO remains unclear. However, the most widely recognized risk factors include age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. The number of patients with RVO among the young population has increased in recent years, and owing to this increased incidence, more attention is paid to genetic factors. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding proteins involved in the vitamin K cycle are one of these genetic factors that might influence RVO. According to literature, the G1639A polymorphism in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) is a possible risk factor for RVO. The purpose of the study. To estimate the association between carriers of the G1639A form of VKORC1 and the development of venous RVO (VRVO) and arterial RVO (ARVO). Materials and methods. The study included 126 patients aged between 40 and 80 years, with a mean age of 61.5 years. Genotyping for the presence of the G1639A polymorphism of VKORC1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed using the program Instat. Results. The GG genotype was found to be significantly more frequently in patients with VRVOthan in those without pathology of retinal vessels (42.6 vs 32%, p = 0.0449). The GG genotype was observed at a higher frequency in patients with ARVO than in those without pathology of retinal vessels (60 versus 32%, p = 0.0925). However, having the AA form of G1639A was significantly less frequent in patients with VRVO compared with those without vascular pathology of the retina (9.8 vs 28%, p = 0.0238, RR 2.015, 95% confidence interval 1.011–4.16). The AA genotype was observed at a lower frequency in patients with ARVO than the control group (6.7 vs 28%, p = 0.1593). Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that having the GG form of the G1639A polymorphism of VKORC1 is associated with the development of VRVO and possibly ARVO. However, having the AA form of this polymorphism is associated with a lower risk of developing VRVO and may also be associated with a lower risk of developing ARVO.