A Comparison of Pollution, Environmental Hazards, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry, in Five Economic Harbors Along the Egyptian Coast of Mediterranean Sea

Heavy metal pollution and its environmental and human risks have become one of the most important global environmental problems. In the current study, the potential heavy metals ecological risks and their pollution status were assessed in five important harbors (Sidi Krir, Dekhila, Western, Damietta, and Port Said) along the Egyptian coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Twenty-six sediment samples were collected from five harbors, where eight heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd) were identified as well as their texture and geochemistry. To gain deeper insights into the human and ecological hazards of the heavy metals, thirteen ecological indices, sediment quality guidelines and multivariate analysis as well as two pathways of exposures to non- carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of heavy metals for children and adults were evaluated. The data shown that Sidi Kriri harbor recorded the lowest values for heavy metals, for Cu, while Western Harbor had the highest average for Zn Multivariate analysis revealed the contribution of heavy metals to sediment contamination and the geochemical characteristics as well as nearby sources of pollution. Geo-accumulation index, Contamination factor, Toxic units, sum of toxic units, sediment modified hazard quotient, and sediment hazard quotients reflected the significant contribution of Cd to sediments along all harbors. Non-carcinogenic hazard risk index (HI) values along the harbors gave the order: Western> Port Said> Damietta> Dekhila> Sidi Krir. Also, TLCR values for children and adults indicated the irregularly high abundance of heavy metals in harbor sediments that may cause adverse public health effects.

An Integrated Field Data and Remote Sensing Approach for Impact Assessment of Human Activities on Macro-benthos Biodiversity Along Western Coast of Aqaba Gulf

The Egyptian coast of Aqaba Gulf, north of the Red Sea suffers from severe destruction and deterioration in habitat and biodiversity due to anthropogenic activities and flooding. The present work aims to evaluate the impacts of different human activities and flooding on the biodiversity of macro-benthos invertebrates along the Egyptian coast of the Aqaba Gulf. From January 2019 to December 2019, many field trips (12 trips) were conducted to survey macro-benthos-invertebrate communities and monitor water quality at nine sites within three sectors along the study area. Each site was divided into four ecological zones and one of five categories, according to the main activities at each site. Furthermore, satellite data were used to monitor the progress of land use, and turbidity in the study area. Therefore, the current study assessing the relationship between these factors and water quality and macro-benthos-invertebrates distributions, similarity, diversity, dominance and abundance. The results revealed that fifty-three macro-benthos-invertebrates species belonging to four phyla (Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Annelida) were recorded. Echinometra mathaei was the major eudominant species. The northern part of the Gulf was higher abundance and diversity with low land use and lowest water turbidity, while the south part showed the contrary findings. All statics analysis confirmed that the dissolved oxygen concentration was considered the only limiting factor for the abundance and diversity of macro-benthos invertebrates. Also, the variation in activities at investigated sites affected the dominance state of species in each site. Moreover, GPS data confirmed that the tourism activity had the largest influence on marine ecosystems and biodiversity, followed by fishing and desalination practices. Otherwise, flooding has significant influence on marine habitats and creates a habitat in which other certain species can be survived. In the absence of awareness, intervention and disregard for the effective coastal zone management concept, especially for the unique marine ecosystems such as the Gulf of Aqaba, the degradation of biodiversity will continue until extinction, and human life is rendered unsustainable.