Effect of varying levels of acorn flour on antioxidant, staling and sensory properties of Iranian toast

Due to the high level of antioxidant activity of acorn fruits, they can be used as an ingredient the production of functional foods. The goal of the this research was to partially substitute wheat flour with varying levels (10% - 50% w/w) of debittered acorn flour and to investigate its effects on the rheological characteristics of the dough, total phenolic content (TPC), staling, colour indices and sensory properties of toast bread. The farinograph degree of softening and water absorption of the dough decreased with increasing the acorn flour content, while the stability and time of development of the dough increased. Resistance and extensibility to deformation of the samples respectively increased and decreased compared to those of the control. Toast bread with 30% acorn flour replacement was observed to have lower staling than the control. The highest TPC (9.44 mg GAE/g) and the lowest peroxide value (0.36 m eq O2/kg) were obtained for the bread having 30% acorn flour substitution. Moreover, the breads showed darker crumbs with significantly lower specific loaf volumes. Overall, the bread with 30% of acorn flour substitution showed good rheological, staling properties and reasonable anti-oxidant content compared to the control bread as well as the highest sensorial acceptability.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Formation in Bread as a Function of Heat Treatment Intensity: Correlations with Browning Indices

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is formed during bread baking as a Maillard reaction product (MRP); it can exert toxicity and it is regarded as a potential health risk because of its high consumption levels in western diets. The aim of this study was to evaluate HMF formation in bread as a function of heat treatment intensity (HTI) and to investigate correlations between HMF and easily detectable browning indices. White breads were baked at 200 °C and 225 °C for different baking times for a total of 24 baking trials. Browning development was evaluated by reflectance colorimetric and computer vision colour analysis; MRP were quantified spectrophotometrically at 280, 360 and 420 nm and HMF was determined by HPLC. HMF concentrations varied from 4 to 300 mg/kg dw. Colour indices (100–L*) and Intensity mean resulted significantly correlated between each other (r = −0.961) and with MRP (r ≥ 0.819). The effects of the different HTI were visualized by principal component analysis and the data were used to evaluate the best fitting regression models between HMF concentration and other browning indices, obtaining models with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.90).

Synthesis and characteristics of aluminate spinel ceramic pigments based on spent aluminium-cobalt-molybdenum catalyst

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conduct the directed synthesis of blue-colour aluminate spinel pigments based on spent aluminium–cobalt–molybdenum (ACM) catalyst and to study peculiar features of mineral formation processes and changes in their colour indices depending on composition and firing temperature. Design/methodology/approach Aluminate spinel ceramic pigments with specified colour indices were synthesised by directed formation of their mineral composition and identification of the most rational technological parameters of production. Mineral composition of synthesised pigments was evaluated by X-ray phase analysis. The colour indices of pigments and pigment-containing glaze coatings were studied on the comparator colour. The chemical resistance of pigments was determined by loss of their weight loss after boiling in 1 N hydrochloric acid solution and 1 N sodium hydroxide solution. Findings Peculiar features of formation of the mineral composition of aluminate spinel pigments based on the ACM catalyst were studied. The expediency of using magnesium and zinc oxides in their composition has been proved. It is found that for the formation of stable pigments of intense blue colour, a concentration of cobalt (II) oxide in the amount of 0.5 mol is sufficient, which is 23.1 Wt.%. The colour of such pigments is determined by the ratios of cobalt, magnesium and zinc aluminates, which form a spinel solid solution. Practical implications The use of developed aluminate spinel pigments provides obtaining of high-quality glass coatings of blue colour, in particular, for ceramics. Originality/value Aluminium oxide in the spent ACM catalyst is predominantly in the active form (of amorphous aluminium hydroxide and y-Al2O3). This is a prerequisite for the use of this waste material as a complete substitute for chemically pure Al2O3 in the technology of aluminate spinel pigments and reduction of their firing temperature. Besides, spent ACM catalyst already contains 5 Wt.% of expensive cobalt (II) oxide in the form of stable colour-bearing phase CoAl2O4.

Astrometric and photometric observations of six brightest trans-Neptunian objects at the Kyiv comet station

In this work we focused on observations of six trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) whose apparent magnitudes are brighter than 20m. We present the results of astrometric and photometric observations of (134340) Pluto, (136108) Haumea, (136472) Makemake, (136199) Eris, (90482) Orcus, and (20000) Varuna obtained at the Kyiv comet station (Code MPC 585) in 2017-2019. For observations we used the 0.7-m (f/4) reflector AZT-8 with FLI PL4710 CCD camera and filters of Johnson-Cousins photometric system. From our images we measured the objects' astrometric positions, calculated apparent magnitudes in the BVRI (mostly R) bands using aperture photometry method, and found absolute magnitudes together with the colour indices in several bands. Analysing our results, we investigate the limitation on the astrometry and photometry of faint objects with the 0.7-m telescope.

Distribution and spectrophotometric classification of basaltic asteroids

ABSTRACT We aim to determine the distribution of basaltic asteroids (classified as V-types) based on the spectrophotometric data reported in the MOVIS-C catalogue. A total of 782 asteroids were identified. The observations with all four filters (Y, J, H, Ks), available for 297 of these candidates, allow a reliable comparison with the laboratory data of howardite, eucrite, and diogenite meteorites. We found that the majority of the basaltic candidates (≈95${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) are located in the inner main belt, while only 29 (≈4${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) and 8 (≈1${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) are located in the middle (MMB) and outer main belt (OMB), respectively. A fraction of ≈33${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ from the V-type candidates is associated with the Vesta family (with respect to AstDyS). We also identified four MMB V-type candidates belonging to (15) Eunomia family, and another four low inclination ones corresponding to (135) Hertha. We report differences between the colour indices and albedo distributions of the V-type candidates located in the inner main belt compared to those from the MMB and OMB. These results support the hypothesis of a different origin for the basaltic asteroids with a semimajor axis beyond 2.5 au. Furthermore, lithological differences are present between the vestoids and the inner low inclination basaltic asteroids. The data allow us to estimate the unbiased distribution of basaltic asteroids across the main asteroid belt. We highlight that at least 80${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the ejected basaltic material from (4) Vesta is missing or is not yet detected because it is fragmented in sizes smaller than 1 km.