This chapter focuses on depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depression in children and adolescents is a complex and debilitating disease, and typically has a lifelong, chronic, and recurrent course. The peak age of onset of depression is between 13 and 15 years. After providing a clinical picture of depression, this chapter discusses early childhood depression and differential diagnosis, including paediatric bipolar disorder, psychotic depression and seasonal affective disorder, oppositional and conduct disorder, and substance misuse and medical conditions. It then examines comorbidity, paying attention to bipolar disorder and suicidal behaviour, along with the assessment and prevention of depression. It also considers some of the determinants of depression, such as stress, trauma, life events, and biological factors such as genetics, brain mechanisms, hormones, and resilience. Finally, it describes treatment options for childhood and adolescent depression.