Cosmological model with time varying deceleration parameter in F(R, G) gravity

In this paper, we study the dynamical behaviour of the universe in the F (R, G) theory of gravity, where R and G respectively denote the Ricci scalar and Gauss-Bonnet invariant. Our wide analysis encompasses the energy conditions, cosmographic parameters, Om(z) diagnostic, stability and the viability of reconstructing the referred model through a scalar field formalism. The model obtained here shows the quintessence like behaviour at late times.

Diagnostic Stability of Primary Psychotic Disorders in a Research Sample

Psychiatric diagnosis is often treated as a stable construct both clinically and in research; however, some evidence suggests that diagnostic change may be common, which may impact research validity and clinical care. In the present study we examined diagnostic stability in individuals with psychosis over time. Participants with a diagnosis of any psychotic disorder (n = 142) were assessed at two timepoints using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. We found a 25.4% diagnostic change rate across the total sample. People with an initial diagnosis of psychosis not otherwise specified and schizophreniform disorder had the highest rates of change, followed by those with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder; people with bipolar disorder had the lowest change rate. Most participants with an unstable initial diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, bipolar disorder, or psychosis not otherwise specified converted to a final diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder. Participants with an unstable initial diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder most frequently converted to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Our findings suggest that diagnostic change is relatively common, occurring in approximately a quarter of patients. People with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder were more likely to have a diagnostic change, suggesting a natural stability of some diagnoses more so than others.

Diagnostic Stability of Major Depressive Disorder in hospitalized patients in a University Hospital: a Brief Report

Introduction: There may be a discordance between diagnoses at admission and discharge of mentally ill patients with major issues regarding their diagnostic stability. The objective of this brief report was to determine the diagnostic stability of major depressive disorder at patients’ discharge and if the diagnosis of their hospital admission had been retained. Methodology: This was a pilot, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective observational study. A non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was used. We reviewed the medical records, at admission and discharge, of patients with an initial diagnosis of major depressive disorder, hospitalized in the Department of Psychiatry of the ‘Hospital de Clínicas’ of the National University of Asunción, Paraguay, during the months of October to December 2020. Results: Fifty-three patients with a diagnosis of major depression on their hospital admission were included in the study (mean age = 35.7 ± 16.5 years). 79.2 % were women, 52.8 % were single, and 37.7 % were from the Central province of Paraguay. The most frequent diagnosis at discharge was borderline personality disorder, in 35.8% of cases. Major depressive disorder was confirmed in 15.1% of cases. No significant relationship was found between any discharge diagnosis and sociodemographic data. Conclusion: The results of this study, although preliminary, described the trajectories of diagnoses in the Psychiatry Department of a University hospital, but confirmatory studies are needed.

Going “Up” to Move Forward: S-1 Bifactor Models and the Study of Neurocognitive Abilities in Psychopathology

Recently, structural models of psychopathology, that address the diagnostic stability and comorbidity issues of the traditional nosological approach, have dominated much of the psychopathology literature. Structural approaches have given rise to the p-factor, which is claimed to reflect an individual’s propensity toward all common psychopathological symptoms. Neurocognitive abilities are argued to be important to the development and maintenance of a wide range of disorders, and have been suggested as an important driver of the p-factor. However, recent evidence argues against p being an interpretable substantive construct, limiting conclusions that can be drawn from associations between p, the specific factors of a psychopathology model, and neurocognitive abilities. Here, we argue for the use of the S-1 bifactor approach, where the general factor is defined by neurocognitive abilities, to explore the association between neurocognitive performance and a wide range of psychopathological symptoms. We use simulation techniques to give examples of how S-1 bifactor models can be used to examine this relationship, and how the results can be interpreted.

Going “Up” to Move Forward: S-1 Bifactor Models and the Study of Neurocognitive Abilities in Psychopathology

Recently, structural models of psychopathology, that address the diagnostic stability and comorbidity issues of the nosological approach, have dominated much of the literature. Structural approaches have given rise to the p factor, which is claimed to reflect an individual’s propensity toward all common psychopathological symptoms. Neurocognitive abilities are argued to be important to the development and maintenance of a wide range of disorders, and have between suggested as an important driver of the p factor. However, recent evidence argues against p being an interpretable substantive construct, limiting conclusions that can be drawn from associations between p and neurocognitive abilities. Here, we argue for the use of the S-1 bifactor approach, where the general factor is defined by neurocognitive abilities, to explore the association. We use simulation techniques to give examples of how S-1 bifactor models can be used to examine the relationship, and how the results can be interpreted.