The Lunar Fossil Figure in a Cassini State

The present ellipsoidal figure of the Moon requires a deformation that is significantly larger than the hydrostatic deformation in response to the present rotational and tidal potentials. This has long been explained as due to a fossil rotational and tidal deformation from a time when the Moon was closer to Earth. Previous studies constraining the orbital parameters at the time the fossil deformation was established find that high orbit eccentricities (e ≳ 0.2) are required at this ancient time, which is difficult to reconcile with the freezing of a fossil figure owing to the expected large tidal heating. We extend previous fossil deformation studies in several ways. First, we consider the effect of removing South Pole−Aitken (SPA) contributions from the present observed deformation using a nonaxially symmetric SPA model. Second, we use the assumption of an equilibrium Cassini state as an additional constraint, which allows us to consider the fossil deformation due to nonzero obliquity self-consistently. A fossil deformation established during Cassini state 1, 2, or 4 is consistent with the SPA-corrected present deformation. However, a fossil deformation established during Cassini state 2 or 4 requires large obliquity and orbit eccentricity (ϵ ∼ 68° and e ∼ 0.65), which are difficult to reconcile with the corresponding strong tidal heating. The most likely explanation is a fossil deformation established during Cassini state 1, with a small obliquity (ϵ ∼ −0.2°) and an orbit eccentricity range that includes zero eccentricity (0 ≤ e ≲ 0.3).

Accounting for spatial trends in multi-environment diallel analysis in maize breeding

Spatial trends represent an obstacle to genetic evaluation in maize breeding. Spatial analyses can correct spatial trends, which allow for an increase in selective accuracy. The objective of this study was to compare the spatial (SPA) and non-spatial (NSPA) models in diallel multi-environment trial analyses in maize breeding. The trials consisted of 78 inter-populational maize hybrids, tested in four environments (E1, E2, E3, and E4), with three replications, under a randomized complete block design. The SPA models accounted for autocorrelation among rows and columns by the inclusion of first-order autoregressive matrices (AR1 ⊗ AR1). Then, the rows and columns factors were included in the fixed and random parts of the model. Based on the Bayesian information criteria, the SPA models were used to analyze trials E3 and E4, while the NSPA model was used for analyzing trials E1 and E2. In the joint analysis, the compound symmetry structure for the genotypic effects presented the best fit. The likelihood ratio test showed that some effects changed regarding significance when the SPA and NSPA models were used. In addition, the heritability, selective accuracy, and selection gain were higher when the SPA models were used. This indicates the power of the SPA model in dealing with spatial trends. The SPA model exhibits higher reliability values and is recommended to be incorporated in the standard procedure of genetic evaluation in maize breeding. The analyses bring the parents 2, 10 and 12, as potential parents in this microregion.

Research on Slope Stability Evaluation Based on Improved Set Pair Analysis Method: A Case of Tonglvshan Open-Pit Mine

In this paper, combined with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), information entropy theory, and set pair analysis (SPA) theory, an improved set pair analysis model (EFAHP-SPA) for open-pit mine slope stability evaluation based on entropy method and FAHP is proposed. Taking the east-side slope of Tonglvshan north open-pit mine in Daye as an example, the proposed method is verified. First, an open-pit mine slope stability evaluation index system with 14 indicators in 4 categories, namely the topography and geomorphology, geological structure, hydrogeology, and other factors, have been constructed. Second, the objective weight and subjective weight of each evaluation index are calculated by entropy and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and then the comprehensive weight of the evaluation index is estimated based on subjective weight and objective weight. Afterward, the single-index connection degree between the evaluation index and the evaluation standard of the secondary subsystem is evaluated considering the improved set pair analysis theory, and the comprehensive connection degree of the system is obtained by combining it with the comprehensive weight of each evaluation index. Finally, the confidence criterion is established to discern the risk grade of slope stability in the east-side slope of the north open pit in Daye Tonglvshan mine. Moreover, case studies and comparisons of the proposed model with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and Entropy-SPA model were performed to confirm the validity and reliability. The results show that the evaluation results of the proposed EFAHP-SPA model are consistent with the actual situation of open-pit mines and the evaluation results of entropy-SPA model and are somewhat different from those of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It indicates that the proposed EFAHP-SPA evaluation model can objectively evaluate the slope stability of the open-pit mine.

Lanna Spa Model for Health in Thailand

There has a growing trend of health spa services in Thailand over the past decade. However, little information is available about the effectiveness of a Lanna-styled spa for health. The propose of this qualitative study was to explore the Lanna Spa Model for health in Thailand. A qualitative method was used with six focus groups and in-depth, semi-structured interviews were held with a purposive selected staff who specialized in spa treatments in Northern Thailand between February and April 2017. Guided interviews focused on spa experiences, the main components of Lanna-style spa services, and suggestions for implementing the Lanna spa model for health. Data were analyzed using content analysis with the principles of trustworthiness. The health and wellness spa model consisted of four categories: 1) Identity of Lanna spa; 2) Lanna spa services (hydrotherapy, massage, and products); 3) Lanna culture; and 4) Lanna health wisdom. Lanna spa is beneficial for people as it can help promote their health and well-being. Training program and service delivery of Lanna-style spa for health should be integrated with Lanna culture and wisdom. Keywords: Lanna spa Model, Qualitative research, Thailand

A set pair analysis model for suitability evaluation of human settlement environment

The human settlement environment is a dynamic subsystem where people live and produce in the social system. This paper aims at evaluating comprehensively the suitability state of a given human settlement environment in a certain time and space and its evolutionary trend, the set pair analysis theory and its connection numbers are introduced into the suitability evaluation, and the set of human settlements is established. The set pair analysis (SPA) model based on partial contact number is used to assess the suitability status and the development trend of human settlements in Guizhou Province from 2014 to 2017. The result shows that the SPA model has the features of convenience, impersonality and good feasibility.

An Efficacy Predictive Method for Diabetic Ulcers Based on Higher-Order Markov Chain-Set Pair Analysis

Background. Clinical comprehensive decision-making of diabetic ulcers includes curative effect evaluation and curative effect prediction. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the prediction of diabetic ulcers. Methods. Set pair analysis (SPA) was used to assess the curative effect evaluation, and therapeutic effect was evaluated by connection degree (CD). The higher-order Markov chain-SPA curative effect prediction model was established to predict the future curative effect development. The predicted results with higher-order Markov chain-SPA and traditional first-order Markov-SPA model were compared with the actual results of the patients to verify the effectiveness of prediction. Results. The connection degree of index levels I and II of 15 patients with diabetic ulcers after traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment increased with time, while that of index levels IV and V decreased, indicating that the curative effect tends to improve. The higher-order Markov chain-SPA model was used to predict the curative effect. The results showed that the relative errors were fewer than the traditional first-order Markov-SPA model. Conclusions. The present study suggests that a method of SPA combined with higher-order Markov-SPA is relatively effective and can be applied to the clinical prediction of diabetic ulcers, which has higher accuracy than traditional first-order curative effect prediction model.

Safety risk assessment model based on comprehensive weight - set pair analysis theory for heritage buildings adjacent to metro construction

With the rapid development of urban rail transit systems, the safety of nearby heritage buildings and historic sites is threatened. To better protect these heritage buildings and sites, it is crucial to be able to rapidly and accurately evaluate these threats, especially when a rail project has a potential impact upon numerous heritage buildings and sites in an old city. Based on set pair analysis (SPA) theory, this paper presents a risk assessment model to assess the safety of heritage buildings adjacent to metro construction. First, the risk level of adjacent heritage buildings is graded. Second, this study establishes an assessment index system comprising 16 single indexes among four categories related to heritage building, metro, soil, and management, and determines the threshold for the level of corresponding risk for each evaluation factor. To improve the reliability of the index weighting, a linear weighting method is adopted, which comprehensively considers subjective weights calculated by the analytic hierarchy process and objective weights calculated by the clustering weight method. Finally, the proposed SPA model is verified by using it to assess the structural safety risk of a heritage building adjacent to the Zhengzhou Metro Line Three. By extracting the field measured data at different survey points on the metro line, the risk levels of the heritage building in the shield tunneling process are evaluated, and the results verify the feasibility of the SPA model. The proposed SPA method can provide decision-making support for controlling risk on similar projects.