The Terminology of Artificial Sentience

We consider the terminology used to describe artificial entities and how this terminology may affect the moral consideration of artificial entities. Different combinations of terms variously emphasize the entity's role, material features, psychological features, and different research perspectives. The ideal term may vary across context, but we favor “artificial sentience” in general, in part because “artificial” is more common in relevant contexts than its near-synonyms, such as “synthetic” and “digital,” and to emphasize the sentient artificial entities who deserve moral consideration. The terms used to define and refer to these entities often take a human perspective by focusing on the benefits and drawbacks to humans. Evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of the terminology to the moral consideration of artificial entities may help to clarify emerging research, improve its impact, and align the interests of sentient artificial entities with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), especially research on AI ethics.

Are We on the Right Track? Inserting Democracy System unto Governance Mechanism for Not-For-Profit Organization

Research on good governance mechanism has been done tremendously for more than five decades but not for the not-for-profit sector. The concept is still inclusive and under theorized. Most study focus on adopting concept from commercial sector which is sometimes misleads. This paper tries to find clear evidence by inserting new variables namely democracy. The study begins by looking at the importance of stakeholder and brings in the idea of positioning the society in the organization. Using multiple case analyses in Indonesia, this paper found that types of democracy has a great influenced on how organization sets their governance mechanism. For those who are experiencing an indirect democracy system, democratic governance is the ideal form. Meanwhile for the direct system, compliance model would be the most ideal term. And finally for an active participatory system, the study suggests to use participatory governance model. Among those three, the last model shall be justified as the most ideal form of governance for the sector, thus leaving something for future agenda.

Viscosity modeling for ionic liquid solutions by Eyring-Wilson equation

A semi-theoretical model based on the classical Eyring?s mixture viscosity equation and the Wilson activity coefficient equation is presented for correlating the viscosity of ionic liquids with solvent systems. The accuracy of the proposed model was verified by comparing calculated and experimental viscosity values from literatures for 49mixtures with total 1560 data points. The results show that the equation similar to the Wilson activity coefficient equation can be well applied to describe the non-ideal term in the Eyring?s mixture viscosity equation. The model has a relatively simple mathematical form and can be easily incorporated into process simulation software.

Twin Differences and Similarities of Birthweight and Term in the French Romulus Population

This study was performed to examine the main characteristics of the French Romulus twin population: zygosity, chorionicity, sex, term and birthweight. A sample of 104 pairs of twins was distinguished by zygosity, chorionicity and sex, and divided into concordant and discordant birthweight groups. Fifty-three % (n = 55) of the fetus pairs studied were born at “ideal term” (35-38 weeks), and 25% (n = 26) were delivered at “preterm” (28-34 weeks). The very preterm (< 28 weeks), and “postterm” (> 38 weeks) represented altogether 22% (n = 23) of the sample. Of the 104 twin pairs, 68% (n = 71) differ by less than 15% in birthweight, and 32% (n = 33) have a birthweight difference higher than 15%. In dizygotic (DZ) pairs females had more tendency to be in the discordant group (p = 0.01) while in monochorionic-monozygotic (MC-MZ) pairs males were more discordant (p = 0.07). We found a significant interaction between sex and zygosity type (p = 0.02). Males had a birthweight difference significantly weaker than that of females in dichorionic-monozygotic (DC-MZ) and DZ twins whereas it was higher than that of females in MC-MZ twins. There were no MZ twin pairs with DC placentation over than 15% birthweight difference. Log linear analysis demonstrated a three-way interaction (p < 0.05) between term type, zygosity type and hypotrophy. Our data indicate that in the group of twins born between 35 and 38 weeks' gestation the crucial question still remains unsettled on how term and birhweight are related to zygotism and/or chorionicity.

Sulle deviazioni efficienti del prezzo dal costo marginale

The analysis of the efficiency aspects of market equilibrium is usually based on comparisons between the case under consideration and perfect competition as the ideal term of reference. According to this methodology, public intervention is justified as a means to force firms exercising some control on the market to behave as in a quasi-competitive system.During the last decades, however, the advanced economies experienced that new efficiency requisites should be taken into consideration. Among other factors, the internationalization of the economic systems reduced dramatically any preoccupations for deviations from perfect competition conditions.Accordingly, it seems reasonable to modify the efficiency criteria concentrating on the existence of barriers to the entry. Only when deviations of price from marginal cost are due to such barriers should a public intervention be allowed, whilst in principle governmental interferences with the market should have a minor role.

A Survey of Liaison Psychiatry in the United Kingdom and Eire

The recent formation of a Liaison Psychiatry Group within the College reflects the growing integration of psychiatry with other medical specialties in the general hospital. The Group was established to foster the development of psychiatry in relation to medical and surgical patients, including its clinical, teaching and research components. The title, Liaison Psychiatry, is not an ideal term but has become firmly established in other countries to denote that area of psychiatry where the psychiatrist has particular skills to contribute to the care of the physically ill, and to those in whom psychiatric disorder presents in somatic terms.1