scholarly journals The Terminology of Artificial Sentience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Pauketat
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Consideration ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Ideal Term ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Near Synonyms ◽  
The Ideal

We consider the terminology used to describe artificial entities and how this terminology may affect the moral consideration of artificial entities. Different combinations of terms variously emphasize the entity's role, material features, psychological features, and different research perspectives. The ideal term may vary across context, but we favor “artificial sentience” in general, in part because “artificial” is more common in relevant contexts than its near-synonyms, such as “synthetic” and “digital,” and to emphasize the sentient artificial entities who deserve moral consideration. The terms used to define and refer to these entities often take a human perspective by focusing on the benefits and drawbacks to humans. Evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of the terminology to the moral consideration of artificial entities may help to clarify emerging research, improve its impact, and align the interests of sentient artificial entities with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), especially research on AI ethics.

The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Control Complex

This book explores the intertwining domains of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics—two highly divergent fields which at first seem to have nothing to do with one another. AI is a collection of computational methods for studying human knowledge, learning, and behavior, including by building agents able to know, learn, and behave. Ethics is a body of human knowledge—far from completely understood—that helps agents (humans today, but perhaps eventually robots and other AIs) decide how they and others should behave. Despite these differences, however, the rapid development in AI technology today has led to a growing number of ethical issues in a multitude of fields, ranging from disciplines as far-reaching as international human rights law to issues as intimate as personal identity and sexuality. In fact, the number and variety of topics in this volume illustrate the width, diversity of content, and at times exasperating vagueness of the boundaries of “AI Ethics” as a domain of inquiry. Within this discourse, the book points to the capacity of sociotechnical systems that utilize data-driven algorithms to classify, to make decisions, and to control complex systems. Given the wide-reaching and often intimate impact these AI systems have on daily human lives, this volume attempts to address the increasingly complicated relations between humanity and artificial intelligence. It considers not only how humanity must conduct themselves toward AI but also how AI must behave toward humanity.

scholarly journals Ethics as a Service: A Pragmatic Operationalisation of AI Ethics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Morley ◽  
Anat Elhalal ◽  
Francesca Garcia ◽  
Libby Kinsey ◽  
Jakob Mökander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethics Codes ◽  
Practical Design ◽  
Ethical Design ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Algorithmic Design ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Technical Guidance ◽  
Tools And Methods

AbstractAs the range of potential uses for Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular machine learning (ML), has increased, so has awareness of the associated ethical issues. This increased awareness has led to the realisation that existing legislation and regulation provides insufficient protection to individuals, groups, society, and the environment from AI harms. In response to this realisation, there has been a proliferation of principle-based ethics codes, guidelines and frameworks. However, it has become increasingly clear that a significant gap exists between the theory of AI ethics principles and the practical design of AI systems. In previous work, we analysed whether it is possible to close this gap between the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of AI ethics through the use of tools and methods designed to help AI developers, engineers, and designers translate principles into practice. We concluded that this method of closure is currently ineffective as almost all existing translational tools and methods are either too flexible (and thus vulnerable to ethics washing) or too strict (unresponsive to context). This raised the question: if, even with technical guidance, AI ethics is challenging to embed in the process of algorithmic design, is the entire pro-ethical design endeavour rendered futile? And, if no, then how can AI ethics be made useful for AI practitioners? This is the question we seek to address here by exploring why principles and technical translational tools are still needed even if they are limited, and how these limitations can be potentially overcome by providing theoretical grounding of a concept that has been termed ‘Ethics as a Service.’

scholarly journals Ethics of Corporeal, Co-present Robots as Agents of Influence: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJung Moon ◽  
Shalaleh Rismani ◽  
H. F. Machiel Van der Loos
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize the set of roboethics issues that uniquely arise due to the corporeality and physical interaction modalities afforded by robots, irrespective of the degree of artificial intelligence present in the system. Recent Findings One of the recent trends in the discussion of ethics of emerging technologies has been the treatment of roboethics issues as those of “embodied AI,” a subset of AI ethics. In contrast to AI, however, robots leverage human’s natural tendency to be influenced by our physical environment. Recent work in human-robot interaction highlights the impact a robot’s presence, capacity to touch, and move in our physical environment has on people, and helping to articulate the ethical issues particular to the design of interactive robotic systems. Summary The corporeality of interactive robots poses unique sets of ethical challenges. These issues should be considered in the design irrespective of and in addition to the ethics of artificial intelligence implemented in them.

Online or Offline: Does It Matter? A Review of Existing Interpretation Approaches and Their Effect on Screening Mammography Metrics, Patient Satisfaction, and Cost

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruthi Ram ◽  
Tyler Campbell ◽  
Ana P Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Screening Mammography ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
The Future ◽  
Workflow Efficiency ◽  
Ideal Practice ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract The ideal practice routine for screening mammography would optimize performance metrics and minimize costs, while also maximizing patient satisfaction. The main approaches to screening mammography interpretation include batch offline, non-batch offline, interrupted online, and uninterrupted online reading, each of which has its own advantages and drawbacks. This article reviews the current literature on approaches to screening mammography interpretation, potential effects of newer technologies, and promising artificial intelligence resources that could improve workflow efficiency in the future.

Artificial Intelligences Are Subsets of Human Beings, Mainly in Fictions and Films

2021 ◽  
pp. 598-618
Author(s):  
Nandini Sen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Emotional Quotient ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Ai Ethics

This chapter aims to create new knowledge regarding artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and relevant subjects while reviewing ethical relationship between human beings and AI/robotics and linking between the moral fabric or the ethical issues of AI as used in fictions and films. It carefully analyses how a human being will love robot and vice versa. Here, fictions and films are not just about technology but about their feelings and the nature of bonding between AIs and the human race. Ordinary human beings distrust and then start to like AIs. However, if the AI becomes a rogue as seen in many fictions and films, then the AI is taken down to avoid the destruction of the human beings. Scientists like Turing are champions of robot/AI's feelings. Fictional and movie AIs are developed to keenly watch and comprehend humans. These actions are so close to empathy they amount to consciousness and emotional quotient.

Distribution of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Games

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Downey ◽  
Darryl Charles
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Simulation Test ◽  
Heuristic Function ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Applied Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Ideal

This paper reports on the creation of an application capable of producing intelligent character behavior based on distribution of Artificial Intelligence. To develop, test and experiment on applied Artificial Intelligence, computer games are quickly becoming the ideal simulation test bed for the implementation of computer generated AI. The application of Artificial Intelligence algorithms create immersive game-play where human players can interact with non-player characters and interactions with the environment helps shape the way in which games are played. A-Star pathfinding utilizes a heuristic function implementing cost of moving through a virtual world, this actively affects how an agent responds to a situation and can alter its decision making. This paper describes the implementation of the A-Star algorithm combined with gameplay mechanics used to simulate multi-agent communication within a randomly generated game-world.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keng Siau ◽  
Weiyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Machine Ethics ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technology has achieved many great things, such as facial recognition, medical diagnosis, and self-driving cars. AI promises enormous benefits for economic growth, social development, as well as human well-being and safety improvement. However, the low-level of explainability, data biases, data security, data privacy, and ethical problems of AI-based technology pose significant risks for users, developers, humanity, and societies. As AI advances, one critical issue is how to address the ethical and moral challenges associated with AI. Even though the concept of “machine ethics” was proposed around 2006, AI ethics is still in the infancy stage. AI ethics is the field related to the study of ethical issues in AI. To address AI ethics, one needs to consider the ethics of AI and how to build ethical AI. Ethics of AI studies the ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations that are related to AI. Ethical AI is an AI that performs and behaves ethically. One must recognize and understand the potential ethical and moral issues that may be caused by AI to formulate the necessary ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations for AI (i.e., Ethics of AI). With the appropriate ethics of AI, one can then build AI that exhibits ethical behavior (i.e., Ethical AI). This paper will discuss AI ethics by looking at the ethics of AI and ethical AI. What are the perceived ethical and moral issues with AI? What are the general and common ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies, and regulations that can resolve or at least attenuate these ethical and moral issues with AI? What are some of the necessary features and characteristics of an ethical AI? How to adhere to the ethics of AI to build ethical AI?

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PRESENTATION AND PERCEPTION OF MOTHERS IMAGES IN ADVERTISING

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
I. V. Klymenko ◽  
A. I. Lokhmachova
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
The Family ◽  
Media Space ◽  
Good Mother ◽  
The Media ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Husband And Wife

The article is devoted to the generalization of information about the image of the “ideal” or “good” mother and its implementation in advertising practice. The authors analyzed the evolution of this image in the media space from the concept of traditionalism (woman who is realized exclusively in the family and motherhood) to the concept of neo-traditionalism (mother, who has time for everything, including the professional sphere and the sphere of self-fulfillment). There is an increase in value of egalitarian models (partnership distribution of roles and functions between husband and wife) and the presentation of realistic ideas about a “non-ideal” mother in foreign practice. However, this trend is much less common in the Ukrainian advertising space. The authors found the most common images of mothers in Ukrainian advertising: “Selfless”, “Caring”, “Balanced”, “Hedonic”, “Rebellious” and “Supervisory” and analyzed the peculiarities of their use, the intensity of presentation, the relationship with the advertised product. The authors found that conservative images of mothers (family oriented, selfless, caring, able to keep everything under control) are generally positively perceived by the target audience. Images that are distant from such traditionalist cliché (innovative, self-centered, hedonic) are rated worse. The authors demonstrated the relationship between mothers’ individual characteristics and their tendency to favor a particular character in advertising. Women, who are more experienced, self-sufficient, tend to rely on their own experience prefer less conservative advertising images (“Balanced”, and “Hedonic”). Less experienced women, who are guided by externalities experience, are focused exclusively on child, perceive positively traditionalist images “Selfless” and “Supervisory” mother.

SELF-IMPOSED ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR AI IN EDUCATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anri Leimanis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Global Discourse ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethics Guidelines

Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications to education have encouraged an extensive global discourse on the underlying ethical principles and values. In a response numerous research institutions, companies, public agencies and non-governmental entities around the globe have published their own guidelines and / or policies for ethical AI. Even though the aim for most of the guidelines is to maximize the benefits that AI delivers to education, the policies differ significantly in content as well as application. In order to facilitate further discussion about the ethical principles, responsibilities of educational institutions using AI and to potentially arrive at a consensus concerning safe and desirable uses of AI in education, this paper performs an evaluation of the self-imposed AI ethics guidelines identifying the common principles and approaches as well as drawbacks limiting the practical and legal application of the policies.

scholarly journals Ethics as attention to context: recommendations for the ethics of artificial intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Anais Resseguier ◽  
Rowena Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
Guidance Documents ◽  
Practical Recommendations

This article shows that current ethics guidance documents and initiatives for artificial intelligence (AI) tend to be dominated by a principled approach to ethics. Although this brings value to the field, it also entails some risks, especially in relation to the abstraction of this form of ethics that makes it poorly equipped to engage with and address deep socio-political issues and the material impacts of AI. This is particularly problematic considering the risk for AI to further entrench already existing social inequalities and injustices and contribute to environmental damage. To respond to this challenge posed by AI ethics today, this article proposes to complement the existing principled approach with an approach to ethics as attention to context and relations. It does so by drawing from alternative ethical theories to the dominant principled one, especially the ethics of care or other feminist approaches to ethics. Related to this, it encourages the inclusion of social sciences and humanities in the development, deployment and use of AI, as well as in AI ethics discussions and initiatives. This article presents this proposal for an ethics as attention to context and formulates a series of practical recommendations to implement this proposal concretely.

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