Breathing Techniques in the Paris Singing Treatise (Méthode de Chant, Paris, 1803)

"This article tries to identify the breathing techniques proposed in the Paris Singing treatise, published in 1803. The method gives us the description of the respiratory movement practiced by singers before the institutionalization of knowledge according to scientific research. The aim of the French school was to produce a natural tone and to deliver beauty in the act of singing without physical limitations or excesses imposed on the body or voice. We found that the French school aims to respect the length of the sentences and this to the detriment of the quality of the sound emitted. Regarding the physiology of breathing, the method uses analogies with images that allow singers to imagine what is “hidden” in their body, and explain the functioning of different parts, according to the “tasks” assigned to them. The teachers of this method suggest to the practitioner not to think about breathing and uses the term natural breathing, as there is no difference between the breath needed to sing and the breath needed to speak. Their abstraction is that the performer does not think about breathing while speaking, so there is no need for a breathing-oriented thinking process even during singing. Keywords: French singing school, natural breathing. "

A new combination technique of the modified Robicsek wire fixation and plate fixation achieves effective repair of transverse sternal fracture: a report of two cases

Background To maximize the therapeutic effect for complicated sternal fracture, we should know advantages and disadvantages of each surgical repositioning technique, and the choice of an appropriate procedure is essential. We report two successful cases for which a combination of two existing techniques, modified Robicsek wire fixation and locked titanium plate fixation, was applied to transverse sternal fracture with flail chest. Case presentation One patient experienced a transverse sternal and rib fracture due to a traffic injury. Flail chest due to a highly displaced transverse sternal fracture made withdrawal of the ventilator impossible. Another patient, who developed fulminant myocarditis, experienced a transverse sternal fracture resulting from chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Severe paradoxical respiratory movement was a limiting factor for cardiac and respiratory rehabilitation. In both cases, a transverse sternal fracture was difficult to correct non-invasively and indicated surgical repair. The surgical repositioning and fixation greatly contributed to the improvement of the respiratory movement, and the patients were successfully withdrawn ventilator support. Conclusion The combination of modified Robicsek wire fixation and locked titanium plate fixation for a complicated sternal fracture employs the complementary and comparative advantages of each procedure and effective fixation may be achieved.

Fabrication and Validation of Respiratory Control Belt Using Load Cell Sensor

Purpose: In this work, we have focused on fabrication and validation of a respiratory belt that produces respiratory signals from the patient’s abdominal and thorax. Materials and Methods: A load cell transducer was attached to the belt to create an electrical signal from respiratory movement. It converts a force or load into an equivalent electrical signal or digitized load value. The accuracy of the signals from our respiratory control belt was evaluated according to a comparison with the signals from commercial SOMNO medical device. Results: The pattern of the signals from our respiratory belt is in good agreement (4%/3mm) with the pattern of commercial SOMNO medical device. Conclusion: The manufactured respiratory control belt can be used during imaging and radiotherapy procedures for breath control in a patient's abdominal and thorax region.

The Dosimetric Advantages of Robust Optimization Combined With Flatten Filter Free Mode in Left Breast Cancer

Background and purposesTo explore the advantages of Robust optimization in dosimetry under flatten filter free(FFF) Mode after left breast cancer surgery.Materials and methods21 patients with left breast cancer after surgery were randomly selected from 2019 to 2020. The planned target volume (PTV) dose was prescribed 50Gy /25times and B. With or without Robust optimization were designed on the RayStation planning system with Volume rotary intensity-modulated radiotherapy technology based on the FFF Mode. By moving the center point of the field to simulated the movement of target area of the internal chest wall (0.50cm) caused by Respiratory movement, dosimetry characteristics. Using spss 23.0 to analyse the datum.Resultswhen the chest wall target moved outward, the PTV target area D98, D95, D2, CI and HI with Robust optimization were better than those without Robust, and the coverage rate of PTV-CHESTV50 was significantly higher than that without Robust optimization (P=0.000060), which was 15.39% higher than that without Robust optimization. CTVV50 coverage with Robust optimization was higher than that without Robust optimization, with an increase of 14.48%. In terms of endangering organ parameters, the average spinal cord dose of the plan with Robust optimization was 13.19% lower than that of the plan without Robust optimization, and the lung V5 of the plan without Robust optimization was slightly lower than that of the plan with Robust optimization, which was 1.80% lower than that of the plan without Robust optimization. There was no significant difference in machine execution efficiency between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe Robust optimization could be adopted in the development of postoperative left breast cancer radiotherapy plan, which ensures that the target dose coverage and the dose limit of organ-at-risk still meet the clinical requirements under condition of chest wall displacement caused by respiratory movement.

Influence of respiratory movement during regional nodal irradiation after mastectomy for breast cancer: an experimental study

Background This study aimed to evaluate the dosimetric consequences of respiratory movement in postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) including internal mammary nodes (IMNs) between volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT).Methods An anthropomorphic phantom was used to mimic the chest anatomy of a patient who had undergone mastectomy. Two types of absorbed dose measurements were adopted; a radiochromic film was inserted into a gap between phantom slices at the level of the second IMN and three glass rod dosimeters were placed at the first IMN (IM), chest wall (CW), and left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Respiratory movements with amplitudes of 5 mm (R05) and 10 mm (R10) were simulated using a dynamic platform combined with a motorized jack. To evaluate dose errors caused by respiratory movement, the measured data in the presence and absence of respiratory movement were compared.Results At IM, dose errors were − 2.8% (R05) and − 6.2% (R10) for 3D-CRT and − 4.9% (R05) and − 8.5% (R10) for VMAT. The dose errors in CW were − 0.5% (R05) and − 6.0% (R10) for 3D-CRT and − 1.9% (R05) and − 5.3% (R10) for VMAT. The LAD doses showed very small absolute values. According to film measurements, dose errors of IMN were similar between 3D-CRT and VMAT, but the dose error of the lung was higher in 3D-CRT. The gamma pass rates of VMAT (97% at R05; 88% at R10) were higher than those of 3D-CRT (74% at R05; 59% at R10).Conclusions If the patient maintained shallow to normal breathing, PMRT including IMNs could be implemented with acceptable accuracy. In particular, it was possible to maintain the advantages of VMAT, which enabled high-target coverage and normal organ protection.