The effects of quantum gravity on some thermodynamical quantities

In this paper, using a deformed algebra [Formula: see text] which is originated from various theories of gravity, we study thermodynamical properties of the classical and extreme relativistic gases in canonical ensembles. In this regards, we exactly calculate the modified partition function, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, entropy, heat capacity and the thermal pressure which conclude to the familiar form of the equation of state for the ideal gas. The advantage of applying this algebra is not only considering all natural cutoffs but also its structure is similar to the other effective quantum gravity models such as polymer, Snyder and noncommutative space–time frameworks. Moreover, after obtaining some thermodynamical quantities including internal energy and entropy, we conclude at high temperature limits due to the decreasing of the number of microstates, these quantities reach to maximal bounds which do not exist in standard cases and it concludes that at the presence of gravity for both micro-canonic and canonic ensembles, the internal energy and the entropy tend to these upper bounds.

AN ELECTROSTATIC DEPICTION OF THE VALIDITY OF THE RIEMANN HYPOTHESIS AND A FORMULA FOR THE NTH ZERO AT LARGE N

We construct a vector field E from the real and imaginary parts of an entire function ξ(z) which arises in the quantum statistical mechanics of relativistic gases when the spatial dimension d is analytically continued into the complex z plane. This function is built from the Γ and Riemann ζ functions and is known to satisfy the functional identity ξ(z) = ξ(1-z). E satisfies the conditions for a static electric field. The structure of E in the critical strip is determined by its behavior near the Riemann zeros on the critical line ℜ(z) = 1/2, where each zero can be assigned a ⊕ or ⊖ parity, or vorticity, of a related pseudo-magnetic field. Using these properties, we show that a hypothetical Riemann zero that is off the critical line leads to a frustration of this "electric" field. We formulate this frustration more precisely in terms of the potential Φ satisfying E = -∇Φ and construct Φ explicitly. The main outcome of our analysis is a formula for the nth zero on the critical line for large n expressed as the solution of a simple transcendental equation. Riemann's counting formula for the number of zeros on the entire critical strip can be derived from this formula. Our result is much stronger than Riemann's counting formula, since it provides an estimate of the nth zero along the critical line. This provides a simple way to estimate very high zeros to very good accuracy, and we estimate the 10106-th one.