DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATION OF PROCESS OF DESIGNING OF WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR SWIMMING POOLS

This article discusses and solves the problem of designing swimming pools. Previously, before the advent of modern CAD, designers had to manually draw drawings, as any automation was not available, and it took too much time and effort, and the percentage of errors and errors was large enough. With the advent of modern CAD, the design of objects has become much easier, it is enough to build a 3D model, and drawings and specifications will be formed automatically. And when you make any change to the 3D model, the drawings and specifications are updated automatically. This greatly simplifies and speeds up the design. But not everything is still automated. When designing swimming pools, each new project begins with the selection of equipment for water treatment of a particular pool. Selection of equipment depends on the set of initial data determined by the customer, such as: the type and size of the pool, water exchange time, the desired temperature in the pool and so on. Based on these data, the equipment for the water treatment system is calculated (all calculations are strictly regulated according to GOST). Further, after the selection of equipment, a geometric 3D model of the pool is built. The geometric 3D model of the entire water treatment system is designed in stages: a pool bowl is designed, a technical room is designed, 3D models of previously calculated equipment are installed and everything is tied with a pipeline. Since it takes a lot of time to calculate the equipment and design the pool bowl, and with each new project it has to be done "from scratch", it was decided to automate these modules. The article presents the development of a program to automate the calculation of equipment and the construction of a geometric 3D model of the pool bowl. This development is implemented in the company "ASTRAL CIS", engaged in the design of swimming pools and is actively used, reducing the design time by 2 working days.

The Southern Indian Lake Impoundment and Churchill River Diversion

The 242 000-km2 Churchill River basin extends across the northern half of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. In 1976, hydraulic control structures were completed to divert 75% of the natural river flow of 958 m3∙s−1 across the drainage divide separating the Churchill and Nelson river basins in northern Manitoba. The diversion flows follow 300 km of tributary valleys southward to the Nelson River channel where a 30-yr, 10 000 MW hydroelectric scheme is being developed. The diversion was accomplished by damming the northern outlet of Southern Indian Lake, a 1977-km2 riverine lake on the Churchill channel (latitude 57°N, longitude 99°W). The dam caused a 3-m impoundment above the historical lake levels, which flooded 414 km2 of the backshore zone. Permafrost, or permanently frozen ground, is widespread in the uplands surrounding the lake. As bedrock occurred on only 14% of the postimpoundment shoreline, severe erosion of the frozen backshore deposits is now underway. A long period of instability is anticipated on lake shorelines and in river valleys affected by the altered hydraulic regime. Although the whole-lake water exchange time was increased by only 41% by the impoundment, the circulation patterns and exchange times in individual basins of the lake were changed dramatically when the Churchill waters were diverted at the southern end of the lake. The effects of the changing regimes on the aquatic habitats and fisheries of Southern Indian Lake have been investigated in pre- and post-impoundment studies undertaken by the Freshwater Institute of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

The diffusional water permeability of Elodea leaf cells as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance

A new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique developed by Conlon and Outhred (1972. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 288: 354–361) to measure diffusional water permeability was applied to the multicellular plant system Elodea Nuttallii (Planch) St. John leaves. This technique involves measuring a transverse relaxation time (T2) in the absence (T2 = Ta) and in the presence (T2 = Ta′) of extracellular paramagnetic cations. A valid estimate of Ta was measured for Elodea leaves. The value of Ta′ was found to decrease continuously with time. Evidence is presented that the decrease of Ta′ with time is initially related primarily to the time required for the paramagnetic ion to diffuse throughout the extracellular space and then later related to influx of the paramagnetic ion into the cells. By extrapolating to zero time to correct for paramagnetic-cation influx into the cells it was possible to estimate the value of Ta′ required to calculate the water exchange time out of the cells. It was estimated from the NMR data that Mn2+ (the paramagnetic ion used) flux into the cells occurred at a rate of 3.0 × 10−14 mol cm2 s−1. A procedure to determine whether the water-exchange time is controlled by intracellular unstirred layers or by membrane water permeability or by both is given. The water-exchange time of Elodea leaves is predominantly controlled by the intracellular unstirred layers. Thus it was only possible to set a lower limit on the diffusional water permeability coefficient (Pd) of Elodea leaf membranes of 3 × 10−2 cm s−1 at 20 °C.