Grasslands of the Sea of Japan coast (Lazovskiy nature reserve named after L. G. Kaplanov. Primorye Territory)

The study of grassland vegetation of the Sea of Japan coast in the Lazovskiy nature reserve (Primorye Territory, Russia) on the current sandy sea terraces is based upon the analysis of 110 relevés of coastal ve­getation obtained in 2009 at Zarya and Proselochnaya Bays (Fig. 1). The halophytic vegetation in supralittoral zone is formed under the influence of salinity from surges and pulverization. Communities belong to the class Honckenyo-Elymetea Tx. 1966, the order Hon­ckenyo majoris–Elymetalia mollis Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973, the alliance Senecioni pseudoarnicae–Leymion mollis Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. ex Peinado et al. 2011 and the ass. Glehnio littoralis–Caricetum ma­crocephalae (Miyawaki 1967) Ohba, Miyawaki et Tx. 1973. This association is a pioneer stage of vege­tation development on sandy sea coast. The communities form a stripe of 15–150 m width on the offshore bar side exposed to sea. The association is typical for the continental coast of the Sea of Japan (Komarov, 1917; Kurentsova, 1969), southern Sakhalin (Stepanova, 1956) and northern part of Hokkaido Isl. (Ohba et al., 1973). Diagnostic species of ass. Glehnio littoralis–Caricetum macrocephalae (Table 1; Fig. 2) are obligate halophytes adaptated for growing on unstable sandy substrate (Carex macrocephala, Chorisis repens, Glehnia littoralis, Linaria japonica) The plant cover varies between 2 % and 70 %. Carex macrocephala and Leymus mollis are dominants. On the other offshore bar side with relatively ­stable substrate and grey sand soils, the glycophytic steppe-like grasslands with plants adapted to a moderate drought are developed. These communities include such coastal vascular plants as Festuca vorobievii, F. kolesnikovii, Dracocephalum charke­viczii, Oxytropis mandshurica, Plantago camtschatica, Carex gmelinii, and the others, while their floristic singularity is provided by 2 specific coastal grasses — Arundinella hirta and Koeleria tokiensis related to the meadow-steppe species Arundinella anomala and Koeleria cristata (Probatova, Seledets, 1999). Such grasslands are close to the steppe meadows of the alliance Arundinellion anomalae Akhtyamov et al. 1985 (the order Artemisietalia mandshuricae Akhtyamov et al. 1985, the class Arundinello anomalae–Agrostietea trinii Ermakov, Krestov 2009) in their composition (Akhtya­mov, 2000; Ermakov, Krestov, 2009) and high constancy values of diagnostic species of the forenamed alliance (e. g. Artemisia laciniata, A. manshurica, Dianthus chinensis). The presence of some xerophilous and meso-xerophilous species like Carex korshinskyi, Clematis hexapetala and Lespedeza juncea shows floristic relationships with dahurian steppes of the alliance Filifolion Akhtyamov ex Korolyuk 2002 (the class Cleistogenetea squarrosae Mirkin et al. ex Korotkov et al. 1991). For these grasslands, which have not been described within the J. Braun-Blan­quet approach, we suggest the preliminary alliance Festuco ovinae–Arundinellion hirtae all. nov. prov. with diagnostic species Festuca ovina s. l., Arundinella hirta, Dianthus chinensis, Artemisia manshurica, Viola mandshurica (Table 4, 5). Two association are described within it. Coastal steppe-like grasslands of the ass. Festuco ovinae–Arundinelletum hirtae ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 2, relevé 8–17; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 11) are deve­loped on the unstable substrate on psammozems with thin grey horizon on the reversal side of the offshore bar. At the sea side they border with the halophytic stands while on the opposite side the grasslands with closed cover are developed. The diagnostic species of the association are Festuca ovina s. l., Arundinella hirta, Dianthus chinensis, Artemisia manshurica, Viola mandshurica, Scutellaria strigillosa,dominants areusually Festuca ovina and Arundinella hirta.Plant covervaries between 7 % and 50 %. Mean height of herb layer is 25 cm; mean number of species amounts to 14 ± 4. Within the association we describe var. Juniperus davurica with prostrate Juniperus davurica and J. rigida (Fig. 3). These communities arelisted as the rare ones for the Amur Region (Krestov, Verkholat, 2002). Coastal grasslands of the ass. Koelerietum tokiensis ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3, relevé 1–20; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 4) cover subhorizontal surface of the coastal terrace behind the offshore bar. Plant cover is 90 %; mean height of herb layer is 30–40 cm; the mean species number is 18 per sample plot of 25 m2. Diagnostic species are Koeleria tokiensis, Artemisia laciniata and Potentilla fragarioides. As the distance from the sea shore increases the community composition becomes more mesophilous. We propose 2 subassociations within this syntaxon. Grasslands of the subass. K. t. caricetosum lanceolatae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3, relevé 1–10; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 4) are widely spread on the coastal terraces. Diagnostic species are Carex lanceolata and Lespedeza juncea. Communities of the subass. K. t. artemisietosum stoloniferae subass. nov. hoc loco (Table 3, relevé 11–20; holotypus hoc loco — relevé 17; Fig. 4) occur at the fringe of the terraces and border on oak forests. Diagnostic species are Artemisia stolonifera, Pteridium aquilinum, Solidago pacifica, Lupinaster pacificus, Hieracium umbellatum, Galium verum and Cirsium vlassovianum. The described syntaxa form a spatial and temporal range due to the coastal terrace changes and shifts in the environmental conditions at a distance from the sea (Fig. 5–8). Under the humid climate the peculiar grasslands with mesoxerophytes are the specific features of the accumulative sea terraces in southern part of the Amur region. This peculiarity demonstrates phytogeographical relations between the coastal vegetation and the continental arid communities of the Central Asia and is likely to be a regional feature of the South Sikhote-Alin plant cover.

Burkholderia glumae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

A description is provided for Burkholderia glumae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa. Andropogon virginicus, Arundinella hirta, Beckmannia syzigachne, Chloris gayana, Coix lacryma-jobi, Eleusine coracana, E. indica, Eragrotis curvula, E. multicaulis, Lolium multiflorum, Panicum coloratum, P. dichotomiflorum, P. maximum, Paspalum distichum, P. dilatatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phleum pratense, Phragmites communis and Setaria viridis var. minor have all been recognised as new hosts (68, 4324). DISEASE: Bacterial grain and seedling rot of rice. The grains rot in the pannicles after 'heading'. Severely diseased pannicles may form infection foci for disease dissemination (Tsushima & Naito, 1991). The bacteria are thought to enter through the stoma on the inner surface of the rice husk and then multiply in the intercellular space of parenchyma (69, 1652). There is some evidence to suggest that degradative enzymes (72, 6749) and toxin production may also have a role in phytopathogenicity (69, 2349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka (69, 4949), China, Japan, Taiwan (63, 3360), Colombia (70, 2670), Latin America in general (69, 1080; 70, 827). TRANSMISSION: Latent infection of rice seeds (70, 7648).

Comparison of photosynthetic carbon reduction (Kranz) cells having different ontogenetic origins in the C4 NADP – malic enzyme grass Arundinella hirta

The C4 grass Arundinella hirta is characterized by unusual leaf blade anatomy: photosynthetic carbon reduction takes place both within the chlorenchymatous bundle sheath cells of the longitudinal veins and within longitudinal strands of "distinctive cells" that form part of the leaf mesophyll and are often completely isolated from vascular tissue. Although they are equivalent physiologically, these two cell types have different ontogenetic origins: bundle sheath cells are delimited from procambium early in leaf development, whereas distinctive cells differentiate from ground meristem at a later developmental stage. Although the two cell types share numerous cytological features (large chloroplasts with reduced grana, thick cell walls with a suberin lamella), we also found significant differences in cell lengths, length to width ratios, cell cross-sectional areas, organelle numbers per cell cross section, phenol content of the cell walls, and numbers of pit fields in the longitudinal cell walls. The size and shape of bundle sheath cells are likely a direct consequence of procambial origin. The thicker walls of bundle sheath cells (in major veins) and their greater lignification may reflect the inductive effect of cell differentiation in the proximity of sclerenchyma and vascular tissues. Differences between major and minor vein bundle sheath cells may reflect differences in the timing of initiation of procambial strands. Our analysis of cell wall characteristics has also shown the presence of numerous primary pit fields in the transverse walls between adjacent distinctive cells in a file; plasmodesmata in these pit fields form a pathway for longitudinal symplastic transport not previously known to exist.