Burkholderia glumae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Seedling Rot ◽  
Degradative Enzymes ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Arundinella Hirta

Abstract A description is provided for Burkholderia glumae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa. Andropogon virginicus, Arundinella hirta, Beckmannia syzigachne, Chloris gayana, Coix lacryma-jobi, Eleusine coracana, E. indica, Eragrotis curvula, E. multicaulis, Lolium multiflorum, Panicum coloratum, P. dichotomiflorum, P. maximum, Paspalum distichum, P. dilatatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phleum pratense, Phragmites communis and Setaria viridis var. minor have all been recognised as new hosts (68, 4324). DISEASE: Bacterial grain and seedling rot of rice. The grains rot in the pannicles after 'heading'. Severely diseased pannicles may form infection foci for disease dissemination (Tsushima & Naito, 1991). The bacteria are thought to enter through the stoma on the inner surface of the rice husk and then multiply in the intercellular space of parenchyma (69, 1652). There is some evidence to suggest that degradative enzymes (72, 6749) and toxin production may also have a role in phytopathogenicity (69, 2349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka (69, 4949), China, Japan, Taiwan (63, 3360), Colombia (70, 2670), Latin America in general (69, 1080; 70, 827). TRANSMISSION: Latent infection of rice seeds (70, 7648).

Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. arrhenatheri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Arrhenatherum elatius. By inoculation strain 705 gave much less severe symptoms on Alopecuruspratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but other grasses tested were not diseased (Egli et al., 1975) Three other strains (711, 719, and 725) gave mild symptoms on Lolium multiflorum, and one (730) gave a slight reaction on Phleum pratense. The reactions on Festuca pratensis and Poa trivialis were negative or negligible (Egli & Schmidt 1982). It is unlikely that the above inoculated hosts would be infected naturally. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of tall oat grass. The symptoms are identical to those caused by X. campestris pv. graminis on other forage grasses. They are first seen at the heading stage when young leaves curl and wither and shoots remain stunted or may die. In some plants poor growth continues and small distorted inflorescences are produced. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on older leaves along the vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Switzerland. All of Egli's isolates came from that country and the pathogen has not yet been reported from elsewhere. TRANSMISSION: As with X. campestris pv. graminis transmission within the crop is thought to be mainly by mowing machinery.

Ascochyta desmazieresii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta desmazieresii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Reay
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Natural Host Range

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, and Trisetum flavescens. Single cases of natural infection of Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea and Phleum pratense are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli et al., 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible: Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L. parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium and P. bertolonii. Showing much less susceptibility were Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis and P. trivialis. Leyns et al. (61, 6162) found that Agrosas tenuis and Festuca ovina were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli et al. (1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on Hordeum vulgare and Triacum aestivam on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a Rickettsia- like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.

scholarly journals Study Sowing Grasslands Based on Red Clover with Perennial Grasses

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denes DEAK ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Florin PACURAR ◽  
Anca BOGDAN
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Stable Manure

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

Septoria passerinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Linear Lesions ◽  
Hordeum Jubatum ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Sitanion Hystrix ◽  
Hystrix Patula

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria passerinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Hordeum brachyantherum, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum vulgare, Hystrix patula, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. temulentum, Poa pratensis and Sitanion hystrix. DISEASE: Speckled leaf blotch of barley. Forming linear lesions with indefinite margins on leaves with very small, dark brown pycnidia embedded in tissues developing on straw-coloured blotches and causing defoliation, low yields and formation of light kernels. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Libya); Australasia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Rumania, Spain, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen overwinters as mycelium or as pycnidia in crop residues, producing macrospores and microspores the following summer. High humidity (>93% R.H.) is required for the release of spores which are formed abundantly on infected material after rain. Spores may be spread by insects or splashing raindrops (44, 1528; 46, 106; 40: 530). Dissemination of the pathogen on barley straw residues has also been attributed to the use of combine harvester-threshers in Western Canada (35: 418) and to high winds in Minnesota, U.S.A. (40: 530).

Burkholderia glumae. [Distribution map].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Burkholderia glumae (Kurita & Tabei) Urakami et al. Bacteria Hosts: Rice (Oryza sativa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, Korea Republic, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam, SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia.

scholarly journals Tree Fern Cyathea lepifera May Survive by Its Phytotoxic Property

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Ida ◽  
Arihiro Iwasaki ◽  
Toshiaki Teruya ◽  
Kiyotake Suenaga ◽  
Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Tree Fern ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Tree Ferns ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Cyatheaceae (tree ferns) appeared during the Jurassic period and some of the species still remain. Those species may have some morphological and/or physiological characteristics for survival. A tree fern was observed to suppress the growth of other ligneous plants in a tropical forest. It was assumed that the fern may release toxic substances into the forest floor, but those toxic substances have not yet been identified. Therefore, we investigated the phytotoxicity and phytotoxic substances of Cyathea lepifera (J. Sm. ex Hook.) Copel. An aqueous methanol extract of C. lepifera fronds inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of dicotyledonous garden cress (Lepidum sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and monocotyledonous ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.). The results suggest that C. lepifera fronds may have phytotoxicity and contain some phytotoxic substances. The extract was purified through several chromatographic steps during which inhibitory activity was monitored, and p-coumaric acid and (-)-3-hydroxy-β-ionone were isolated. Those compounds showed phytotoxic activity and may contribute to the phytotoxic effects caused by the C. lepifera fronds. The fronds fall and accumulate on the forest floor through defoliation, and the compounds may be released into the forest soils through the decomposition process of the fronds. The phytotoxic activities of the compounds may be partly responsible for the fern’s survival.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of Burkholderia glumae BGR1

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (11) ◽  
pp. 3758-3759 ◽  
Author(s):  
JaeYun Lim ◽  
Tae-Ho Lee ◽  
Baek Hie Nahm ◽  
Yang Do Choi ◽  
Minkyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Seedling Rot

ABSTRACT Burkholderia glumae is the causative agent of grain and seedling rot in rice and of bacterial wilt in many field crops. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of B. glumae BGR1 isolated from a diseased rice panicle in Korea.

scholarly journals Branching of tillers in some grasses

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Leontyna Olszewska ◽  
Maria Wielicka
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Formation Conditions ◽  
Arrhenatherum Elatius

In investigations on the grass regeneration biology a special attention was paid to the formation of aerial tillers and branching pseudostolons in <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L., <i>Festuca arundinacea</i> Schreb., <i>Festuca pratensis</i> Huds., <i>Festuca rubra</i> L., <i>Phleum pratense</i> L., <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam., <i>Lolium perenne</i> L., <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i> L., <i>Arrhenatherum elatius</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Holcus lanatus</i> L., <i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) P. B., <i>Avenastrum pubescens</i> (Huds) Opiz and <i>Agrostis alba</i> L. Aerial tillers, vegetative short ones and with partly elongated internodes as well as generative tillers formed in tufted and rhizomatous grasses. Parental raised tillers, on which aerial tillers developed, had the anatomical structure specific for grass stems. In tufted grasses, moreover, parental branching pseudostolons developed; in their cross section the arrangement of tissues specific for stolons was observed. They constituted the starting point for agglomerations of new plants rooting in soil, contrary to raised tillers. In some grass species, beside pendant roots, shorter roots grew at the base of aerial tillers; they surrounded with a ring the parent shoot in the node, thus reinforcing the connection of aerial tillers with the stem. An attention was paid to the favourable role of branching pseudostolons in the sward thickness formation. Conditions of the arrangement of tissues in the stem cross section, owing to which the rhizomatous form is developed, are discussed. The fertilization with compost or the covering with sand results in the formation of tillers resembling pseudorhizomes.

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