Abstract
Background
To clarify the historical views on disease name, etiology and pathogenesis for Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was performed in < Zhong Hua Yi Dian > database with keywords ‘Acid regurgitation’, ‘Epigastric upset’ and ‘Bilious vomiting’. All the information about disease names, etiology and pathogenesis were included and extracted by two independent reviewers. The Citespace software was used for data analysis. After data importing and purging, the analysis was performed in two steps with 1000 years interval. This study mainly used descriptive statistics, co-occurrence analysis, and cluster analysis, accompanied with qualitative analysis.
Results
A total of 187 disease name, 286 etiology and 429 pathogenesis records related to GERD were final identified. The authors and bibliographies co-occurrence analysis showed there were 13 main nodes and 6 lines before 1000 A.D., 151 nodes and 65 lines after 1000 A.D.. As for disease name, ‘Ou Ku’ and ‘Ou Dan’, the earliest names related to GERD in TCM appeared in the Han and Jin dynasties. In disease etiology analysis, 8 nodes appeared during 1-1000 A.D. and increased rapidly until 1900 A.D.; the cluster analysis identified 9 research hotspots which contains Internal injury diet, Pathogenic factor of gallbladder, Internal injury due to emotional disorder, Food retention, Heat stagnation of body fluid, Incoordination between the spleen and stomach, Damp-heat syndrome of stomach, Phlegm-fire, Cold evil invading the stomach. As for disease pathogenesis, the earliest explanation ‘the evil in gallbladder and ascendant rising of stomach qi’ was appeared in the 3rd century; the cluster analysis identified 8 research hotspots which contains Spleen qi deficiency and adverse rising of phlegm and fluid retention, Pathogenic factor invading upper-jiao, Heat stagnation of body fluid at lung and stomach, Insufficiency-cold of middle qi, Phlegm moving due to fire, Phlegm and fluid retention in upper-jiao and cold food retention of stomach, Sufficient wood and insufficient soil, Food retention of middle-jiao.
Conclusions
There are many treatises focused on GERD related symptoms and signs in TCM. This study clarified its name, etiology and pathogenesis, which provides a good reference for further theoretical and clinical research.