Modeling Distribution and Habitat Suitability for the Snow Leopard in Bhutan

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is one of the world's most elusive felids. In Bhutan, which is one of the 12 countries where the species still persists, reliable information on its distribution and habitat suitability is lacking, thus impeding effective conservation planning for the species. To fill this knowledge gap, we created a country-wide species distribution model using “presence-only” data from 420 snow leopard occurrences (345 from a sign survey and 77 from a camera-trapping survey) and 12 environmental covariates consisting of biophysical and anthropogenic factors. We analyzed the data in an ensemble model framework which combines the outputs from several species distribution models. To assess the adequacy of Bhutan's network of protected areas and their potential contribution toward the conservation of the species, we overlaid the output of the ensemble model on the spatial layers of protected areas and biological corridors. The ensemble model identified 7,206 km2 of Bhutan as suitable for the snow leopard: 3,647 km2 as highly suitable, 2,681 km2 as moderately suitable, and 878 km2 as marginally suitable. Forty percent of the total suitable habitat consisted of protected areas and a further 8% of biological corridors. These suitable habitats were characterized by a mean livestock density of 1.3 individuals per hectare, and a mean slope of 25°; they closely match the distribution of the snow leopard's main wild prey, the bharal (Pseudois nayaur). Our study shows that Bhutan's northern protected areas are a centre for snow leopard conservation both at the national and regional scale.

Projected climate change impacts on tropical life zones in Costa Rica

Efforts to protect tropical ecosystems aim at implementing biological corridors across the national territory of Costa Rica. However, potential near-future climate change challenges the effectiveness of such conservation measures. For this purpose, we developed near-future climate change scenarios at high spatial resolution using open-access global data from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). These projections resulted from downscaling (to a 1km2 national grid) and quantile-mapping bias-correction of the Essential Climate Variables Global Circulation Model (ECV_GCM) ensemble mean from the CDS using a moderate Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5). Projections were evaluated with limited local station data and applied to generate future ecosystem indicators (Holdridge Life Zones, HLZs). We show significantly increasing temperatures of 2.6°C with a spatial variability of ± 0.4°C for Costa Rica until 2040 with local differences (higher temperatures projected for the southern Costa Rican Caribbean). The future mean annual precipitation showed slightly wetter conditions (120 ± 43 mm/year) and most prominently in the Costa Rican Caribbean and south Pacific, but no significant drying in the north of Costa Rica by 2040. The bias-corrected climate data were aggregated to decadal and 30-year average (1971–2040) life zone ecosystem indicators that could potentially show ecosystem shifts. Changes in the life zones are most likely due to warmer temperatures and to a lesser extent caused by projected wetter conditions. Shifts are more likely to occur at higher elevations with a potential loss of the sub-tropical rainforest ecosystem. The projections support diminishing tropical dry forests and slightly increasing tropical rain and wet forests in the biological corridors of the driest and wettest regions, respectively. A countrywide spatial uniformity of dominating tropical moist forests (increase from 24% to 49%) at the expense of other HLZs was projected by 2040.

PHYTOECOLOGY OF RIPISYLVES IN THE TLEMCEN REGION OF ALGERIA

Plant formations that develop on the edges of streams or bodies of water located in the border area between water and land. They are made up of specific stands due to the presence of water over more or less long periods, formations characteristic of the Oueds in our region. Riparian forests play an important ecological role. In particular, they offer specific natural habitats. They form biological corridors, increase the ecological connectivity of landscapes and therefore play a major role in maintaining biodiversity (forest and river biodiversity in particular), at regional scales. Finally, true filters, they protect the quality of the water and part of the wetlands of the watershed, the banks and the riparian soils.

Análise comparativa da fragilidade ambiental da bacia do rio Piracicaba a partir da aplicação de dois modelos metodológicos: suporte para o estabelecimento e proposição de Corredores Ecológicos.

A avaliação da fragilidade ambiental das bacias hidrográficas vem se tornando cada vez mais importante no cenário ambiental, devido ao desenvolvimento gradativo da sociedade e a expansão tecnológica e econômica ao longo dos anos. Uma estratégia adotada para amenizar a degradação e restabelecer o equilíbrio, é a formação de corredores ecológicos (CEs), que auxilia na ligação entre remanescentes naturais. A bacia do rio Piracicaba passa por um longo histórico de degradação e de fragmentação florestal, principalmente próximo às cidades devido ao desmatamento de matas ciliares. Em vista disso, este trabalho analisou e comparou a aplicação de dois diferentes modelos de fragilidade ambiental, aplicada a esta bacia e, a partir de seus produtos identificou a melhor metodologia base para a proposição de corredores ecológicos na região. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível inferir que, além de grande parte da bacia apresentar grau de fragilidade entre fraco e médio, as áreas mais vulneráveis são aquelas mais próximas à cabeceira da bacia. O estabelecimento dos corredores ecológicos abrangeu, prioritariamente, as áreas de maior fragilidade entre a conexão dos fragmentos de vegetação e as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APPs), assim, verificou-se que é necessário o reflorestamento de cerca de 342,24 km² das APPs da bacia para que seja possível a conexão entre as remanescentes e 2,0 km² de áreas de ligação. Comparative analysis of the environmental fragility of the Piracicaba river basin using two methodological models: support for the application and proposition of Biological Corridors A B S T R A C TThe assessment of a river basin’s environmental fragility has become even more important on the environmental scenery due to society’s gradual development and technological and economic expansion over the years. An adopted strategy to ease the degradation and restore the ecological balance is the establishment of biological corridors that can assist the connection between natural forest patches. The Piracicaba river basin has been going through a long history of degradation and forest fragmentation, especially near the cities because of the deforestation of riparian forests. Therefore, this paper analyzed and compared the application of two adapted environmental fragility models in this river basin and identified from their products the best base methodology for the proposition of ecological corridors. From the results, it was possible to infer that, in addition to a big part of the basin present poor and average fragility level, the most vulnerable areas are the ones close to the source of the main rivers. The biological corridors establishment covered, primarily, the most vulnerable areas between the fragments of remaining forests and the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) and, from this, it was possible to verify that the reforestation of around 132,14 mi² of PPAs is necessary for the connection of patches of remaining forests and 0,77 mi² of connections areas.Keywords: environmental vulnerability, geoprocessing, environmental management.

Nuevos registros de tayra (Eira barbara) y ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) en una selva baja caducifolia de Yucatán, México.

ResumenEl tayra (Eira barbara) y el ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) son dos especies que se encuentran catalogadas en peligro de extinción. En este trabajo presentamos nuevos registros de ambas especies en la región litoral centro del estado de Yucatán, México. Nuestras observaciones se basan en registros obtenidos mediante cámaras trampa colocadas en fragmentos de vegetación secundaria de selva baja caducifolia (SBC) con cierto grado de perturbación. Obtuvimos dos registros de tayra, en uno de ellos se aprecian dos individuos y seis fotografías de ocelote. Estos registros muestran la importancia de los manchones de sbc como potenciales refugios, corredores biológicos o sitios de paso para las especies silvestres.Palabras clave: Cámaras-trampa, Carnívora, nuevos registros, Yucatán.AbstractThe tayra (Eira barbara) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) are species that are cataloged in danger of extinction. In this work we present new records of both species in the central coastal region of Yucatan state, Mexico. Our observations are based on records using camera traps, placed in fragments of secondary vegetation in tropical dry forest (TDF) with some degree of disturbance. We obtained two records of tayra, one of them shows two individuals, in addition to six photographs of ocelot. These records denote the importance of tdf patches as potential shelters, biological corridors or wildlife passage sites.Key words: Camera-trapping, Carnivore, new records, Yucatan.

Biological Corridors as a Connectivity Tool in the Region of the Great American Chaco: Identification of Biodiversity Hotspots in the Ecoregions of the Paraguayan Chaco

This work presents the main biodiversity hotspots existing in the Paraguayan Chaco and is an update of the results obtained in the first Ecoregional Assessment of the Great American Chaco. These are the results of a series of workshops that included scientific and technical discussions carried out by local experts in zoology, botany, forestry, soil science, and hydrogeology applying a biodiversity vision of 25-30 years for the territory, after overlapping the maps of the first assessment with that of the advance of the changes of land use in the territory. Criteria for detecting biodiversity hotspots were discussed, including: permanent and temporary watercourses, other bodies of water such as fresh and salty lagoons, reserve areas of different categories, as well as important bird areas (IBAs), RAMSAR areas and others, which must be connected in the future, combining the production areas with the conservation of biodiversity.