РОЗРОБКА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ МОДЕЛІ МОНІТОРИНГУ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ

Goal. Development of an information model for monitoring ecosystem data obtained from facilities to identify deviations from the standard, in real time, at a distance and make decisions to eliminate themMethodology. The development of the system was based on the Minimum viable product with minimal functionality. and the minimum cost of resources. The concept of system development is considered on the example of a reasonable dormitory, where one of the components of the system is the Internet of Things technology, in which different device connect to the Internet and interact with each other. The sensors allow the device to send data to a computer program that will collect and analyze it. This will allow you to effectively identify the problem in the event of deviations from the standard during the operation of s and will facilitate the prediction of possible accidents, malfunctions and their elimination.Results. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of microcontrollers and sensors, a wireless communication module installed in the device of the monitoring system was selected, and types of sensors were selected for collecting and further analysis of ecosystem indicators The structural elements of the subsystem and the code for the example of the board for the sensor have been developed. To implement the task, the open programming language Processing and development tools were chosen that would satisfy all the requirements and have the necessary functionality. TelegramBot was chosen as the interface for the ecosystem's automated storage database concepts. To connect hardware devices, APIs and Internet services, Node-RED was chosen as the programming tool. To write the bot, the RedBot package for NodeRED was used.Scientific novelty. An original solution is proposed for the development of an information model of ecosystem indicators in premises based on the element base of the selected monitoring module, communication protocols and an interface for interacting with the user through a chat bot.Practical significance. The system was tested on data obtained in the hostel KNUTD in may 2021. This environment is hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2The test results showed the system's operability, the ability to receive and analyze information in real time and quickly respond to dangerous situations. All this will improve the life of students in the hostel and ensure themselves and their health from the influence of negative factors.

Vertical Configuration of a Side Scan Sonar for the Monitoring of Posidonia oceanica Meadows

Posidonia oceanica meadows are ecosystem engineers that play several roles in marine environment maintenance. In this sense, monitoring of the spatial distribution and health status of their meadows is key to make decisions about protecting them against their degradation. With the aim of checking the ability of a simple low-cost acoustic method to acquire information about the state of P. oceanica meadows as ecosystem indicators, ground-truthing and acoustic data were acquired over several of these meadows on the Levantine coast of Spain. A 200 kHz side scan sonar in a vertical configuration was used to automatically estimate shoot density, canopy height and cover of the meadows. The wide athwartship angle of the transducer together with its low cost and user friendliness entail the main advantages of this system and configuration: both improved beam path and detection invariance against boat rolling. The results show that canopy height can be measured acoustically. Furthermore, the accumulated intensity of the echoes from P. oceanica in the first 30 centimeters above the bottom is indirectly related to shoot density and cover, showing a relation that should be studied deeply.

Diverse integrated ecosystem approach overcomes pandemic-related fisheries monitoring challenges

The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented cancellations of fisheries and ecosystem-assessment surveys, resulting in a recession of observations needed for management and conservation globally. This unavoidable reduction of survey data poses challenges for informing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, developing future stock assessments of harvested species, and providing strategic advice for ecosystem-based management. We present a diversified framework involving integration of monitoring data with empirical models and simulations to inform ecosystem status within the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. We augment trawl observations collected from a limited fisheries survey with survey effort reduction simulations, use of seabird diets as indicators of fish abundance, and krill species distribution modeling trained on past observations. This diversified approach allows for evaluation of ecosystem status during data-poor situations, especially during the COVID-19 era. The challenges to ecosystem monitoring imposed by the pandemic may be overcome by preparing for unexpected effort reduction, linking disparate ecosystem indicators, and applying new species modeling techniques.

Projected climate change impacts on tropical life zones in Costa Rica

Efforts to protect tropical ecosystems aim at implementing biological corridors across the national territory of Costa Rica. However, potential near-future climate change challenges the effectiveness of such conservation measures. For this purpose, we developed near-future climate change scenarios at high spatial resolution using open-access global data from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). These projections resulted from downscaling (to a 1km2 national grid) and quantile-mapping bias-correction of the Essential Climate Variables Global Circulation Model (ECV_GCM) ensemble mean from the CDS using a moderate Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5). Projections were evaluated with limited local station data and applied to generate future ecosystem indicators (Holdridge Life Zones, HLZs). We show significantly increasing temperatures of 2.6°C with a spatial variability of ± 0.4°C for Costa Rica until 2040 with local differences (higher temperatures projected for the southern Costa Rican Caribbean). The future mean annual precipitation showed slightly wetter conditions (120 ± 43 mm/year) and most prominently in the Costa Rican Caribbean and south Pacific, but no significant drying in the north of Costa Rica by 2040. The bias-corrected climate data were aggregated to decadal and 30-year average (1971–2040) life zone ecosystem indicators that could potentially show ecosystem shifts. Changes in the life zones are most likely due to warmer temperatures and to a lesser extent caused by projected wetter conditions. Shifts are more likely to occur at higher elevations with a potential loss of the sub-tropical rainforest ecosystem. The projections support diminishing tropical dry forests and slightly increasing tropical rain and wet forests in the biological corridors of the driest and wettest regions, respectively. A countrywide spatial uniformity of dominating tropical moist forests (increase from 24% to 49%) at the expense of other HLZs was projected by 2040.

Variation of the community structure of terrestrial gastropods in different plant associations from the Coatán River watershed, southeastern Chiapas, Mexico

The Gastropoda class is the only one on Mollusca phylum to have terrestrial representatives. These organisms are used as ecosystem indicators due to being closely related to environmental variables such as soil and relative humidity, pH, temperature, and plant association, variables sensitive to habitat alteration. The original ecosystems of the watersheds in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico are suitable for the presence of terrestrial gastropods, however, has experimented severe loss of the original plant association, the objective of the research was to determine the diversity of terrestrial gastropods and its changes in the Coatán River watershed. Sampling was carried out at three sites according to their plant association (primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, and crops), within three zones of the watershed (upper, middle, and lower zone). A total of 342 organisms was obtained and classified into 16 families, 29 genera and 43 species, of these totals, 89% were Heterobranchia and 11% Caenogastropoda-Neritimorpha, which are mainly present in the middle zone. Five species are new records for Mexico and 10 species for Chiapas and extend the range distribution of several Central America species. The results of changes in diversity and abundance occurred at zone level and were influenced by environmental variables, mainly relative humidity and tree covered plant association. Low diversity patterns were related to high environmental temperature and low relative humidity, both related to the degree of disturbance and loss plant covered. The human activity in the Coatán watershed has an adverse effect on terrestrial gastropod diversity.