The Need to Establish a Long-Term Ecological Research Network in Morocco as a Tool to Monitor Ecosystems Under Climate Change

Several countries are associated with the long-term ecological research (LTER) program, while others are in the process of joining the network. In Morocco, there is an urgent need to be a member of this network because the diversity of challenges associated with the various ecosystems requires multidisciplinary long-term studies. The chapter discusses this need by assessing the environmental vulnerability of Morocco basing on data from the environmental vulnerability index profile. Ecosystem change and vulnerability were investigated at the sites within the LTER program by exploring the criteria of the selected sites. The driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses framework would be a useful approach to study and explain the ecological changes of each selected site. The chapter highlights the purpose, significance, the mission, objectives, and the international cooperation of the proposed LTER network called Mo-LTER.

Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index: An Application to Rio de Janeiro-Brazil

Objectives: The concept of vulnerability has been used more frequently in several studies, in an attempt to better understand the specificities and needs of different population groups, both in environmental and socio-economical terms. The aim of this study is to identify, characterize and analyze populations in situations of socio-environmental vulnerability in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on social, economic, environmental and public health indicators organized into a summary index – the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index.Methods: The methodology integrated 15 indicators in a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis into a Geographic Information System.Results: According to our results, socio-environmental vulnerability in Rio de Janeiro is aggravated by at-risk situations and environmental degradation. These aspects are jeopardized by the population density in slum areas, where the most disadvantaged groups live in a process of environmental and urban exclusion.Conclusion: The study concludes about the importance of these tools in guiding resource allocation and their contribution to formulating and implementing more effective public policies.

Análise Estatística da Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental aos Impactos da Covid-19 nos Bairros de Brasília Teimosa e Pina na cidade do Recife-PE

Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by the new Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that had its first records in China's Wuhan province and in March 2020, WHO declared Covid as a Pandemic. Since then, several studies have been carried out to analyze the transmission of SARS-Cov-2 through analyzes of Geographic Information Systems and Statistics with the purpose of evaluating the socioenvironmental elements. For the present work, the methodology is characterized by the creation of socioenvironmental vulnerability indices, analyzing the unavailability of drinking water, the absence of sanitary sewage collection, high demographic densities, contamination rates and lethality rates. The selected neighborhoods were Brasília Teimosa and Pina, using information from IJCPM, Compesa, IBGE, Health Secretariat of the City of Recife and Secretariat of Planning and Management of the State of Pernambuco. After processing the data, the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index was introduced using social indicators. For the Pina neighborhood, sectors were selected whose IVSA was greater than or equal to 0.6. It is perceived that, for these sectors, the vulnerability regarding home care for sewage and income is moderate. While the Brasília Teimosa neighborhood has an asymmetry in stilt areas with high vulnerabilities. This same behavior is observed in relation to the IVCD. The Pina neighborhood stands out for the number of outliers, which occur in exactly the same sectors. This may imply a direct relationship between the number of cases and the number of deaths, but it can also be related to shared socioeconomic vulnerability.

The Use of Dam Environmental Vulnerability Index (DEVI) for Assessing Vulnerability of Bengawan Solo Watershed, Indonesia

Bengawan Solo is the longest river in Java, but current conditions show that its watershed is in a critical condition. Deforestation was very intensive in the last three decades that contributed to degradation of the watershed. Other factor contributing to the degradation is dam construction. However, our knowledge on the impact of dam construction on the environment and its vulnerability is poorly understood. Here, we assessed vulnerability of the watershed based on physical properties such as existing dams, morpho-dynamic activities, and deforested area. The study aims to identify the vulnerability of the Bengawan Solo watershed based on dam environmental vulnerability index (DEVI) approach, and to analyse the dominant variable contributing to DEVI. For calculating DEVI, several data were needed including land cover, rainfall, stream water stage, soil type, stream network, and dams. The results showed that Bengawan Solo watershed had moderate to high vulnerability (60%). Moderate level was identified for Madiun and Wonogiri sub-watershed, while high level was in Cepu and Babat sub-watershed. Our findings revealed that morpho-dynamic activities as represented by sediment rate and stream water stage had contributed to the high DEVI value as in Cepu and Babat sub-watershed. Further, influence of dams in this research was not dominant implying that any improvement to the DEVI approach remains research challenges. The improvement of the approach is expected to better identify the impact of dam construction on environment, situated in other regions than Amazon, where it was firstly developed.

The Need to Establish a Long-Term Ecological Research Network in Morocco as a Tool to Monitor Ecosystems Under Climate Change

Several countries are associated with the long-term ecological research (LTER) program, while others are in the process of joining the network. In Morocco, there is an urgent need to be a member of this network because the diversity of challenges associated with the various ecosystems requires multidisciplinary long-term studies. The chapter discusses this need by assessing the environmental vulnerability of Morocco basing on data from the environmental vulnerability index profile. Ecosystem change and vulnerability were investigated at the sites within the LTER program by exploring the criteria of the selected sites. The driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses framework would be a useful approach to study and explain the ecological changes of each selected site. The chapter highlights the purpose, significance, the mission, objectives, and the international cooperation of the proposed LTER network called Mo-LTER.

Vulnerability of Miangas Island

There are several methods of analysis in knowing the vulnerability of a community. In the analysis to determine the vulnerability of Miangas island, the determinant vulnerability was used. Determinant vulnerability evaluation is very easy to use and simple. Therefore, the determinants of ordinary vulnerabilities use an assessment of resources that are carried out in full, so that results can be used as reference for management. One approach that is widely used in determining the index is the method of scaling parameters into certain values. These values are expressed as a score of a parameter. As done by (Tahir 2010) referred to in Doukakis (2005) and Rao et al. (2008), the Miangas Island analysis refers to the determination of the paramater scale and the weight of the vulnerability. The vulnerability index model constructed in this study consists of a static model of environmental vulnerability index and dynamic model of small island environmental vulnerability index. The static model of the environmental vulnerability index is intended to calculate the current vulnerability index (momentary), while the dynamic model of the environmental vulnerability index is used to predict the vulnerability dynamics in the future. In general, the values of IK-PPK = IE x IS / IAC = 4.29 x 2.35 / 1.6 = 6.30 By using these maximum and minimum values, the scale of assessment of the vulnerability of small islands is divided into 4 categories of vulnerability (Doukakis 2005), Miangas Island is obtained as follows; 0.20-6.04 = Low vulnerability, 6.05 -18.18 = Moderate vulnerability, 18.19-40.48 = High vulnerability (high), 40.49-76.00 = Very high vulnerability (very high). That there is a vulnerability with a moderate position.Keywords: vulnerability, index, determinant, MiangasABSTRAKAda beberapa metode analisis dalam mengetahui kerentanan suatu komunitas. Dalam analisis untuk mengetahui kerentanan pulau Miangas maka digunakan kerentanan determinan. Evaluasi kerentanan determinan sangat mudah digunakan dan sederhana. Oleh karna itu, determinan kerentanan biasa menggunakan assessment terhadap sumberdaya yang dilakukan secara utuh, sehingga hasil dapat dijadikan bahan acuan terhadap pengelolaan. Salah satu pendekatan yang banyak digunakan dalam penentuan indeks adalah metode penskalaan parameter ke dalam nilai-nilai tertentu. Nilai-nilai tersebut dinyatakan sebagai nilai skor dari suatu parameter. Sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh (Tahir 2010) yang diacu dalam Doukakis (2005) dan Rao et al. (2008) maka pada analisis Pulau Miangas mengacu penentuan skala paramater dan bobot kerentanan tersebut.Model indeks kerentanan yang dikonstruksi dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari model statis indeks kerentanan lingkungan dan model dinamik indeks kerentanan lingkungan pulau-pulau kecil. Model statis indeks kerentanan lingkungan dimaksudkan untuk menghitung indeks kerentanan saat ini (sesaat), sedangkan model dinamik indeks kerentanan lingkungan digunakan untuk melakukan prediksi dinamika kerentanan pada masa yang akan datang. Secara umum didapatkan nilai IK-PPK = IE x IS/IAC = 4,29 x 2,35 /1,6 = 6,30. Dengan menggunakan nilai maksimum dan minimum tersebut, skala penilaian tingkat kerentanan pulau-pulau kecil dibagi menjadi 4 kategori kerentanan (Doukakis 2005) maka Pulau Miangas didapatkan sebagai berikut; 0.20-6.04 = Kerentanan rendah (low), 6.05-18.18 = Kerentanan sedang (moderate), 18.19-40.48 = Kerentanan tinggi (high), 40.49-76.00 = Kerentanan sangat tinggi (very high). bahwa ada kerentanan dengan posisi moderate.Kata kunci : kerentanan, determinan, indeks, Miangas

Vulnerabilidade socioambiental em bacias hidrográficas no Setor Leste Metropolitano de Fortaleza, Ceará

ResumoAo considerar que as inovações geotecnológicas vêm potencializando novos estudos na contemporaneidade, constata-se que os preceitos da geoinformação possuem uma aplicação efetiva na abordagem de bacias hidrográficas. Dessa forma, o estudo em pauta objetiva mapear a vulnerabilidade socioambiental nas bacias hidrográficas costeiras dos rios Catú, Caburé, Caponga Funda, Caponga Roseira e Mal Cozinhado, localizadas no setor leste da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado do Ceará. A fundamentação teórico-metodológica encontra-se nos estudos sistêmicos, baseada no viés da concepção indissociável entre natureza e sociedade. O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental foi estruturado a partir da análise integrada das condições ecodinâmicas (Vulnerabilidade Ambiental), em conjunto com a Vulnerabilidade Socioeconômica (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal). Os resultados alcançados no estudo retratam que 82,27% da área é classificada na faixa de baixa ou média-baixa Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental e 17,73% encontram-se na faixa de média-alta ou alta Vulnerabilidade. Conclui-se que na área em epígrafe há uma intensa pressão antropogênica sobre os sistemas ambientais, com destaque especial para as planícies fluviais, lacustres e litorânea.Palavras-chave: Sistema Ambiental, Geotecnologias, Urbanização. AbstractWhen considering the geotecnology innovations come enhancing new studies in contemporary times, It notes that the geoinformation of precepts have an effective application in addressing watershed. Thus, the study aims to map the socio-environmental vulnerability in coastal watersheds of rivers Catú, Cabure, Caponga Funda, Caponga Roseira and Mal Cozinhado, located in the eastern sector of the metropolitan area of Fortaleza, state of Ceara. The theoretical-methodological foundation lies in the systemic studies, based on the bias of the indivisible conception of nature and society. The Environmental Vulnerability Index was structured from the integrated analysis of the ecodynamics conditions (Environmental Vulnerability), together with the Socio-Economic Vulnerability (Municipal Human Development Index). The results achieved in this study portray that 82.27% of the area is classified in the low zone or medium-low Environmental Vulnerability and 17.73% are in the medium-high or high vulnerability zone. We conclude that in the area referred is very intense the anthropogenic pressure on environmental systems, with special emphasis on the river, lake and coastal plains.Keywords: Environmental System, Geotecnology Urbanization. ResumemAl considerar que las innovaciones geotecnológicas intensifican los nuevos estudios en la época contemporánea, se constata que los preceptos de la geoinformación tienen una aplicación efectiva en el abordaje de las cuencas hidrográficas. Así, el estudio apunta a mapear la vulnerabilidad socio-ambiental en las cuencas costeras de los ríos Catú, Caburé, Caponga Funda, Caponga Roseira y Mal Cozinhado, ubicadas en el sector oriental de la zona metropolitana de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará. El fundamento teórico-metodológico se encuentra en los estudios sistémicos, basado en el sesgo de la concepción indivisible de la naturaleza y la sociedad. El Índice de Vulnerabilidad Ambiental se estructuró a partir del análisis integrada de las condiciones ecodinâmicas (Vulnerabilidad Ambiental), junto con la Vulnerabilidad Socioeconómica (Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal). Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio retractan que 82,27% de la superficie se clasifica en el zona bajo o medio-bajo Vulnerabilidad Ambiental y 17,73% están en la zona de vulnerabilidad media-alta o alta. Llegamos a la conclusión de que en el ámbito mencionado anteriormente hay una intensa presión antropogénica sobre los sistemas ambientales, con especial énfasis en el río, el lago y las llanuras costeras.Palabras clave: Sistema Ambiental, Geotecnológicas, Urbanización.