Human Capital: Fiscal Policy to Support the Development of Labor Cooperatives as a Way to Create the Welfare Society and to Form the National Financial-Exchange Asset

Production cooperative (artel) historically is a native Russian form of collective labour activity, aimed, as a rule, at performing certain permanent or temporary work and requiring mutual guarantee of all workers. Artels and their associations are based only on free creative labour (not hired labour), which allows workers themselves to be responsible for efficiency of managing their time and to improve constantly, providing an increase in labour productivity and production profitability. Such work is fundamentally different from the work under an employment contract. Members of cooperatives do not pass “their time” for rationing “from above”, but independently organize their work, revealing their potential, based on personal experience, ingenuity, freedom and personal motivation, effectively interacting with each other in the workforce.

How Recently Borrowed Verbs in Russian Form Perfective Aspect — an Experimental Approach

This article examines how Russian aspectual pairs from borrowed and colloquial verbs are formed. This question is relevant since the most common source languages of Russian loan verbs do not express the aspectual distinction (imperfective-perfective) morphologically. Seventeen new verbs, most of which belong to the technological sphere, were examined in an online experiment (N=120), in which native Russian speakers were asked to form perfective counterparts for a number of new verbs, such as гуглить ‘to google’ and эсэмэсить ‘to text, to SMS’. The results show that there is variation in the formation of these new verbs, but also that one form was chosen by most participants who formed a valid perfective. The most common perfectivizers in this experiment were the suffix -ну-, followed by the prefixes за-, про-, от- and с-. The suffix -ну- is especially productive in verbs denoting actions that can be carried out or finished in a short time but is also found in verbs denoting longer processes. This use of -ну- is characteristic for verbs in Russian slang.

The old well forgotten, or Nothing is new under the moon

The article examines the origin of two related maxims: «There is nothing new except what has been forgotten» and «There is nothing new under the moon». The Russian form of the first maxim («The new is the old well forgotten») belongs, probably, to the publicist N.V. Shelgunov. Initially, the first maxim appeared in England and France, and for a long time existed in two versions. The earliest of them (c. 1820) was usually attributed to Rose Bertin, the milliner of Marie Antoinette. The second («There is nothing new but what it has been old») is a quote from Chaucer’s «Canterbury Tales» in Walter Scott’s version («The Adventures of Nigell», 1822). In Germany and Russia, only the first, «Bertin’s version» was in circulation. One of the probable sources of Karamzin’s family sayings «Nothing is new under the moon» was the maxim «Il n’y a rien de nouveau sous la Lune», which appeared at the end of the 17 th century in the novel «Turkish Spy» by Giovanni Paolo Marana.

On the Origin of Russian-Language Hydronyms of the Shchugor River Basin

The article discusses the history of the hydronyms Shchugor, Patok, Glubnik, Torgovaya, Volokovka, Pyatidyrka, and Semidyrka, i.e. the names of the Shchugor River and its several tributaries of the first and second orders. Presently, these names mostly have a “Russian” phonetic appearance, however, their historical variants suggest that some of them may be a result of semantic adaptation of pre-Russian names. The authors suggest that the hydronyms Pyatidyrka and Semidyrka originated from Nenets names with a composite determinant -dyrma, expressing recurrence and place of action. In other examples, there is a parallel coexistence of several similar versions of one hydronym belonging to different languages, cf.: Russian Torgovaya, Komi-Zyryan Törgövöy-yu, Nenets Menyaylava. This can be regarded as a testimony to the past and current contacts of the Russian population with indigenous peoples — speakers of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages. In some cases, the older pre-Russian form of a hydronym might be missing, i.e. replaced by a Russian-language variant without any trace of the substrate name. For example, the Komi-Zyryan hydronym Pyzhenyuts (from Komi-Zyryan pyzh ‘boat,’ literally “River on which boats can sail”) was replaced in the Old Russian period by the name Padun and, later, by the name Patok, both of the latter hydronyms being originally Russian. The article also analyzes native Russian names for which the most probable motivation can be established based on geographic data. Incidentally, the traditional interpretation of the name of the river Glubnik as “deep river” or “river with deep places” is called into question, since such an interpretation does not correspond to physical and geographical features of the river, the authors interpret the name as “River flowing from the depths of the taiga.” All linguistic observations and etymological interpretations of hydronyms presented in the article are based on the analysis of a large array of cartographic sources of the 16th–20th centuries; finally examples are given of the distortion of the spelling of the hydronyms of the Shchugorsk area of the Urals on the maps of various times.

Rosjoznawstwo = kulturoznawstwo. Rosjoznawstwo na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim (1990–2017)

RUSSIAN STUDIES = CULTURAL STUDIES. RUSSIAN STUDIES AT THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY IN KRAKOW (1990–2017)The subject of the article is the history of the development of Russian cultural studies (RCS) in Krakow, initiated at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The collective achievement created by scientists with mainly philological backgrounds over the years have been enriched and expanded by content from other scientific disciplines. This ultimately formed a multidisciplinary face of RCS. In the article, the most important figures and publications are mentioned that contributed to building a significant curriculum of Russian cultural studies in Krakow. The specificity of the curriculum, its multidimensionality and humanistic- social approach make it a rich reservoir of knowledge which helps one to understand culture in its Russian form.

Three Patterns Programmable Russian Form Functional Electrical Stimulator

<p>In this paper, a programmable, multi-pattern, wide frequency and duty cycle range electrical stimulator is presented. Using a programmable micro-controller, two waves of carrier and modulating sources are produced. By modulating the two sources, 3 bi-phasic charge-balanced rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal stimulating patterns are produced. The frequency range of the carrier is fixed at 2.5 kHz and the carrier source frequency can be adjusted between 1 and 500 Hz. The duty cycle of both sources can be adjusted between 10% and 90%.</p>

Three Patterns Programmable Russian Form Functional Electrical Stimulator

<p>In this paper, a programmable, multi-pattern, wide frequency and duty cycle range electrical stimulator is presented. Using a programmable micro-controller, two waves of carrier and modulating sources are produced. By modulating the two sources, 3 bi-phasic charge-balanced rectangular, triangular and sinusoidal stimulating patterns are produced. The frequency range of the carrier is fixed at 2.5 kHz and the carrier source frequency can be adjusted between 1 and 500 Hz. The duty cycle of both sources can be adjusted between 10% and 90%.</p>

Perfect and Possessive Structures in Irish and Russian

The present article has two main objectives. First of, all it aims to introduce Slavonic data into the discussion of the Irish perfect. As the perfect is a category which is not often used by the literati who have been the only source of written evidence on language history for centuries, its development remains concealed to a considerable extent. This lack of diachronic data leads us to hypothetical reconstructions. The Russian literary and dialectal perfect forms may provide some evidence as to how a similar structure may have also developed in Irish. Certain explanations of the Russian form could thus be equally applicable to the making of the Irish perfect. Presenting these explanations and the ways of applying them to the Irish perfect forms the second objective of the article.