Gambaran Tingkat Kecemasan Anak UsiaPrasekolah Yang MengalamiHospitalisasi :Literature Review

During preschool age, the increasing intensity of children’s physical activities may make them feel tired easily. In this period, their immune system has not stable yet. Those conditions make children more susceptible to various diseases and often cause them hospitalized. For some children, hospitalization can bring about strange feeling and anxiety.Topurpose of this study was to describe the level of anxiety in preschool children who experience hospitalization. This study was a secondary research in the form of literature review. Five articles were taken and chosen from Scilit, Garba Garuda and Google Scholar based on the determined inclusion criteria. The results of the literature review analysis showed that 32.6% preschool children who were hospitalized experienced ‘moderate’ level of anxiety, 27.5% experienced ‘mild’ anxiety, 23.9% felt ‘severe’ level of anxiety, and 16.0% of children felt ‘panicked’. Most of preschool children who were hospitalized experienced moderate level of anxiety. Therefore, nurses in children’s wards are expected to provide nursing care,pay attention to their psychological development, and let them play to reduce their anxiety levels. Keywords: Preschool age children; fas; hospitalization; anxiety level AbstrakPada usia prasekolah, aktifitas fisik pada anak meningkat yang menyebabkan anak sering kelelahan dan menyebabkan rentang terserang penyakit akibat system imun belum stabil atau daya tahan tubuh lemah sehingga mengharuskan anak untuk menjalani hospitalisasi. Bagi anak memasuki rumah sakit adalah seperti memasuki dunia asing, sehingga akibatnya adalah kecemasan. Mengetahui gambaran tingkat kecemasan pada anak usia prasekolah yang mengalami hospitalisasi menggunakan studi literature review. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sekunder berjenis literature review. Metode yang digunakan dalam pemilihan artikel yaitu dengan melakukan penelusuran literature dari sumber database Scilit, Garba Garuda dan Google Scholar didapatkan 5 artikel yang sesuai dengan criteria inklusi penelitian. Hasil analisis literature review menunjukkan bahwa anak usia prasekolah yang mengalami hospitalisasi mengalami tingkat kecemasan sedang memiliki hasil terbanyak yaitu sebanyak 45 anak (32,6%), kecemasan ringan sebanyak 38 anak (27,5%), kecemasan berat sebanyak 33 anak (23,9%), dan panic sebanyak 22 anak (16,0 %). Anak usia prasekolah yang mengalami hospitalisasi paling banyak mengalami tingkat kecemasan sedang. Diharapkan perawat di ruang anak dapat memberi asuhan keperawatan dengan tetap memperhatikan aspek psikologi dan tumbuh kembang anak serta memberikan kebutuhan bermain bagi anak saat dirawat untuk menurunkan tingkat kecemasan pada anak.Kata kunci: Anak usia prasekolah; fas; hospitalisasi; tingkat kecemasan

Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein

<p>1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.</p>

Language-Games in the Later Philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein

<p>1.1 When I first looked, into Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations I felt not so much that this was great work, but that it was alive and exciting, a going concern. I next learned of its difficulty; it seemed to me then (as it does now) that Wittgenstein omitted all the preliminary easy bits that we usually find in philosophy books and, treated only of the very difficult problems which concerned him. That this was great philosophy had to be accepted, for most of the people I knew of as top philosophers said so. Its acknowledged greatness was not, however, the primary reason, nor even an important reason, for my continued reading of Wittgenstein's work it was the enigmatic style and. the strange feeling of depth in the remarks; I felt they really did say something glorious, make a powerful gesture (cf., PI, *610), if I could only figure out what.</p>

OS SILÊNCIOS POÉTICOS DAS PROSAS: Rousseau por Sartre

Embora Sartre esteja se referindo à figura de vários escritores, e não, especificamente a Rousseau, mas também, a ele, afirma que os poetas são homens que se recusam a utilizar a linguagem, mesmo utilizando-a constantemente. E Maurice Blanchot, ao falar da questão literária e da linguagem, nos diz que estas singularidades na literatura nascem com Rousseau, pois, em um século no qual não há quase ninguém que não seja grande escritor, Rousseau é o primeiro a escrever com tédio, como no momento em que diz: nada me cansa, tanto como escrever, a não ser pensar. Estes homens vivem numa crise da linguagem que eclodiu numa crise poética, provocada, precisamente, por suas atitudes poéticas. Sartre elenca uma série de possíveis fatores históricos, sociais etc., que poderiam ter ocasionado a crise dos escritores em face das palavras, em se servir delas e agir contra ela, e destaca uma célebre observação de Bergson ao perceber que os escritores, ao abordarem sobre a linguagem, dentre eles o genebrino, fazem isto com um sentimento de estranheza extremamente frutífero, dando vazão a uma crescente produção de suas obras. Quanto aos leitores desavisados, acabam adaptando esses escritos, às mais diversas interpretações, e transformando essas obras, a partir de fragmentos e trechos deslocados, numa linguagem completamente engajada, a exemplo dos revolucionários de 1789.Palavras-chave: Literatura. Filosofía. Poesia. Prosa. Linguagem. THE POETIC SILENCE OF THE PROSES: Rousseau by Sartre Abstract: Although Sartre make reference to the figure of several writers, and not, specifically to Rousseau, buta lot of them, the autor affirm that the poets are men who refuse to use the language, even using it constantly. AndMaurice Blanchot to speak about the literary question and of the language, says that singularity in the literature beborn with Rousseau, for in a century where there is not almost nobody that is not a big writer, Rousseau is the firstto write with boredom, like in the moment that he says: nothing tired me, as much as to write, beyond to think. Thesemen live a crisis of the language that appeared in a poetic crisis, provoked precisely, for your poetic attitude. Sartreenumerate several possible historics factors sociais, etc; that could have occasioned the writer’ crisis in front of thewords, to use them and act against them and detach one celebrated observation of Bergson to realize the writersthat when speak about the language, among them, the genevan, make this with a strange feeling much fructiferous,giving space to a growing production of his work. While the imprudent reader finish adapting that works, from fragmentand pieces dislocated, in a language completely engaged, an example of the revolutionary of 1789, like is thecase of Rousseau.Keywords: Literature. Philosophy. Poetry. Prose. Language. LOS SILENCIOS POETICOS DE LAS PROSAS: Rousseau por el SartreResumen: Aun Sartre haga referencia a figuras de varios escritores, y no, específicamente a Rousseau, pero también a él, afirma que los poetas son hombres que se recusan a utilizar el lenguaje, mismo utilizándola constantemente. Y Maurice Blanchot, al hablar de la cuestión literaria y del lenguaje, nos dice que estas singularidades en la literatura nacen con Rousseau, pues, en un siglo en que no hay casi ningún que no sea grande escritor, Rousseau es el primero a escribir con aburrimiento, como en el momento que dice: nada me fatiga tanto como escribir, a no ser piensar. Estos hombres viven en una crisis del lenguaje que surgió en una crisis poética, causada, exactamente, por sus actitudes poéticas. Sartre enumera una serie de posibles factores históricos, sociales etc.; que podrían tener ocasionado la crisis de los escritores en face de las palabras, al servirse de ellas y actuar contra ellas, y destaca una célebre observación de Bergson al percibir los escritores que, al abordaren sobre el lenguaje, entre ellos, el ginebrino, hacen esto con un sentimiento de extrañeza extremamente prometedor, dando posibilidad a una creciente producción de sus obras. Cuanto a los lectores desavisados, acaban adaptando eses escritos, a las más diversas interpretaciones, y transformando esas obras a partir de fragmentos y trechos desarticulados, en un lenguaje completamente enrolado, a ejemplo de los revolucionarios d 1789.Palabras clave: Literatura. Filosofía. Poesía. Prosa. Lenguaje.

OS SILÊNCIOS POÉTICOS DAS PROSAS: Rousseau por Sartre

Embora Sartre esteja se referindo à figura de vários escritores, e não, especificamente a Rousseau, mas também, a ele, afirma que os poetas são homens que se recusam a utilizar a linguagem, mesmo utilizando-a constantemente. E Maurice Blanchot, ao falar da questão literária e da linguagem, nos diz que estas singularidades na literatura nascem com Rousseau, pois, em um século no qual não há quase ninguém que não seja grande escritor, Rousseau é o primeiro a escrever com tédio, como no momento em que diz: nada me cansa, tanto como escrever, a não ser pensar. Estes homens vivem numa crise da linguagem que eclodiu numa crise poética, provocada, precisamente, por suas atitudes poéticas. Sartre elenca uma série de possíveis fatores históricos, sociais etc., que poderiam ter ocasionado a crise dos escritores em face das palavras, em se servir delas e agir contra ela, e destaca uma célebre observação de Bergson ao perceber que os escritores, ao abordarem sobre a linguagem, dentre eles o genebrino, fazem isto com um sentimento de estranheza extremamente frutífero, dando vazão a uma crescente produção de suas obras. Quanto aos leitores desavisados, acabam adaptando esses escritos, às mais diversas interpretações, e transformando essas obras, a partir de fragmentos e trechos deslocados, numa linguagem completamente engajada, a exemplo dos revolucionários de 1789. Palavras-chave: Literatura. Filosofía. Poesia. Prosa. Linguagem. THE POETIC SILENCE OF THE PROSES: Rousseau by Sartre Abstract: Although Sartre make reference to the figure of several writers, and not, specifically to Rousseau, buta lot of them, the autor affirm that the poets are men who refuse to use the language, even using it constantly. AndMaurice Blanchot to speak about the literary question and of the language, says that singularity in the literature beborn with Rousseau, for in a century where there is not almost nobody that is not a big writer, Rousseau is the firstto write with boredom, like in the moment that he says: nothing tired me, as much as to write, beyond to think. Thesemen live a crisis of the language that appeared in a poetic crisis, provoked precisely, for your poetic attitude. Sartreenumerate several possible historics factors sociais, etc; that could have occasioned the writer’ crisis in front of thewords, to use them and act against them and detach one celebrated observation of Bergson to realize the writersthat when speak about the language, among them, the genevan, make this with a strange feeling much fructiferous,giving space to a growing production of his work. While the imprudent reader finish adapting that works, from fragmentand pieces dislocated, in a language completely engaged, an example of the revolutionary of 1789, like is thecase of Rousseau.Keywords: Literature. Philosophy. Poetry. Prose. Language. LOS SILENCIOS POETICOS DE LAS PROSAS: Rousseau por el Sartre Resumen: Aun Sartre haga referencia a figuras de varios escritores, y no, específicamente a Rousseau, pero también a él, afirma que los poetas son hombres que se recusan a utilizar el lenguaje, mismo utilizándola constantemente. Y Maurice Blanchot, al hablar de la cuestión literaria y del lenguaje, nos dice que estas singularidades en la literatura nacen con Rousseau, pues, en un siglo en que no hay casi ningún que no sea grande escritor, Rousseau es el primero a escribir con aburrimiento, como en el momento que dice: nada me fatiga tanto como escribir, a no ser piensar. Estos hombres viven en una crisis del lenguaje que surgió en una crisis poética, causada, exactamente, por sus actitudes poéticas. Sartre enumera una serie de posibles factores históricos, sociales etc.; que podrían tener ocasionado la crisis de los escritores en face de las palabras, al servirse de ellas y actuar contra ellas, y destaca una célebre observación de Bergson al percibir los escritores que, al abordaren sobre el lenguaje, entre ellos, el ginebrino, hacen esto con un sentimiento de extrañeza extremamente prometedor, dando posibilidad a una creciente producción de sus obras. Cuanto a los lectores desavisados, acaban adaptando eses escritos, a las más diversas interpretaciones, y transformando esas obras a partir de fragmentos y trechos desarticulados, en un lenguaje completamente enrolado, a ejemplo de los revolucionarios d 1789. Palabras clave: Literatura. Filosofía. Poesía. Prosa. Lenguaje.

Precolonial Sub-Saharan Africa and the Ancient Norse World: Looking For Similarities

Comparative history may be fashionable these days, but references to the past of precolonial sub-Saharan Africa in the literature on early Scandinavia, and vice versa, are still hard to come by. Perhaps this is as it should be, as Scandinavia and Sub-Saharan Africa are generally considered to be worlds apart. Besides, there is the time-lag involved: pre-Christian Scandinavia, including the Norse world, came to an end in roughly the eleventh century, whereas the precolonial era in sub-Saharan Africa lasted into the 1880s at the earliest. But many years ago, when after a prolonged immersion in African history, I picked up some books, including printed primary sources, related to pre-Christian Norway, I was invaded by a strange feeling of déjà vu, of having seen it all before, precisely in sub-Saharan Africa of old. Pre-Christian Norwegian, or Norse, society suddenly began to make sense to me as it had never done before.Why the similarities I believe I have detected, and how significant are they? Is it possible that they are in some way more relevant or meaningful than the differences? Can we even speak of a problem of similarities à la Henri Frankfort? I have no ready-made answers to these questions. In fact my aim in this paper is a fairly modest one, that of offering some tentative, possibly speculative, observations, thoughts, and/or conclusions. I take as my point of departure the obvious, or trivial, point that precolonial sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Christian Norway did have something quite essential in common: the prevalence in both cases of ”pagan” (or “heathen”) and overwhelmingly agrarian kinship-type societies. In the case of Norway and Scandinavia, the Viking era (790s to somewhere in the tenth century), with its marked maritime orientation, constituted perhaps a rupture. Extensive seafaring, including maritime raiding and pillaging, not to mention the emergence of so-called sea kings, implies mobility, and mobile people do not fit readily into the “model” that is outlined in this essay. It may be, however, that the inland regions of the Nordic world were not always directly or even deeply influenced by what happened on the coast. Note that the words “pagan” and “heathen” are used here for want of a better expression, in the sense of “non-revealed” or “ethnic” religions. By kinship-type societies I mean collectivist-oriented societies composed not primarily of individuals, but of kindreds or lineages.