Entrepreneurship in Slum Dwellers: Social Inclusion and the ‘Right to a City’

According to UN data, the global urbanisation rate is currently 55%, and in 2050 it is expected to reach 68%. The leading causes of urban population growth are economic development and polarisation, agricultural change, political instability, climate change and population growth. Additionally, in many countries local authorities are unable to provide adequate living conditions for the newcomers. The scale of the phenomenon of informal urbanism and slums has been known for decades and is still high. Slum dwellers face many barriers on their way to improving living conditions and top-down attempts to improve them have proved ineffective, e.g. mass social housing, the fight against crime. The paradigm of treating slum dwellers, however, as low-skilled, demoralised, deprived of all kinds of capital and any sign of entrepreneurship is changing. The paradigm shift in aid to slum dwellers is based on bottom-up stimulation of their entrepreneurial attitudes, social inclusion and activation. The article has two main objectives, the first one – descriptive and cognitive – to develop a background and geographical synthesis of information on the phenomenon of global slum formation based on the most recent data. The second objective is an attempt to demonstrate the legitimacy of changing the approach and activating the entrepreneurship of slum dwellers.

How to Eliminate Slums in Pakistan

Pakistan is faced with the challenge of population increase and uncontrolled urbanization. Government failure to properly manage and accommodate the increased population in cities has been the major cause for slum formation. The government attempted various techniques to overcome the slum condition in cities. However, these initiatives were never chosen through a research process, nor were these evidence based. This research advocates that slums are formed through various means and that each requires different techniques, rather than upgrading infrastructure only. The reason for the existence of these slums is that public sector housing is not in range of the needy class nor is there some sort of mechanism for them to meet their housing demand in a proper manner. Therefore, the market forces are free to carve alternate ways for the shelter needs of the poor. This is how slums formed and progressed in Pakistan. The government spent millions every year but failed to stop slum formation. This research is to understand the slum formation process and suggests the choice of a feasible option among preventive or curative measures for its clearance.

On the Determinants of Slum Formation

We construct a simple model of a city with heterogeneous agents and housing choice to explain the determinants of slums, home to about one-third of the urban population in developing countries. The model supports the main empirical evidence regarding slum formation and is able quantitatively to assess the role of each determinant of slum growth. We show that urban poverty, inequality and rural–urban migration explain much of the variation in slum growth in Brazil from 1980 to 2000. Ex ante evaluation of the impacts of policy interventions shows that removing barriers to formalisation has a strong impact on slum reduction.

TIPOLOGI PERMUKIMAN KUMUH KAWASAN PESISIR DI KELURAHAN WOLOMARANG KOTA MAUMERE (Slum Typology In Coastal Zone of The Wolomarang District Maumere City)

<p>The higher the population growth is the main factor driving the increase will need space, this is experienced by most of the town of Maumere wake region located in the coastal zone. Since several decades ago, many coastal areas visited and occupied by people from other regions one of which is Sulawesi. Bajo society known as the sailors accomplished by bringing habits/ customs of the region of origin, they occupy the coastal areas in the Wolomarang District and start doing activities around the coast such as living with inadequate infrastructure. Most of the people work as fishermen with low incomes who can only meet the needs of life in the form of clothing, food and potluck board. Settlements in the coastal area currently has problems of slum formation as seen from the physical building and environmental conditions that have no drainage and sanitation. </p><p>This study aims to identify the cause of the formation of slums typology of coastal areas in the Wolomarang District Maumere City. To achieve these objectives is necessary to identify the assessment of physical and non physical aspects, social aspects of cultural, economic, regiona characteristics, and policy aspects of coastal spatial planning. Coastal areas has also become one of the central development region of East Nusa Tenggara Province.The method used in this study is to perform quantitative data collection through field surveys (questionnaires, interviews and observations) and a survey instansional (government). Respondents in this study were in the Wolomarang District coastal communities and relevant agencies in the town of Maumere. Data and information from the public and relevant agencies will be directly assessed based on the mapping, frequency distributions and descriptive qualitative analysis.</p><p>The results of some analysis has been done shows that the typology of coastal slums Wolomarang District is the settlement stage type, the type of semi-permanent and permanent type. Typology of slum formation in the coastal zone is influenced by two factors: economic factors related to location of work and low incomes, and a very strong cultural factors inherent in the society that is accustomed to living close to the sea by building a temporary condition. In its development to date in coastal settlements Wolomarang District the bay waters are carried out by reclamation, and the quality of slum settlements are included in weight. Location of residential communities that are along the road environment and spread irregularly, describe the condition of the settlement were not well ordered. The proposed recommendation is that the government needs to improve supervision and control of construction-related permits in coastal areas and the need for provision of basic infrastructure, i.e. drainage, sanitation and solid waste as well as increasing public knowledge related to the maintenance of settlements.</p>