Effect of the pandemic in the training of the lawyer and lawyer employment

The aim of the article was to explore the challenges which people encountered within deployment for lawyer job and working as a lawyer during the quarantine, transition to distance learning and work, as well as to formulate author’s proposal. During the study was used dialectic method of cognition of legal phenomena, method of rational criticism and forecasting. The article analyzes various problems of occurring during distance learning, proposed ways to solve them, offered forms of learning after lift of quarantine restrictions and draws attention to the need to leave distance learning for certain categories of the students. It is proposed to improve legislation in relationship with information law, IT legal regulations, protection of personal data. Attention is also drawn towards the need to study the influence of distance learning and work on mental and physical health of the people.

Textual Criticism

Once upon a time, the task of defining ‘textual criticism’, its aims and methods, was relatively straightforward. The ‘modern’ idea of unilateral rational criticism was confident of reconstructing unambiguously the development of the biblical text back to its single point of origin. However, increasing factual evidence and developing insight have brought us today to a much more complicated situation. Within this context, the role that the Septuagint plays within the process of textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible has also undeniably changed. This chapter first describes how textual ‘facts’ have changed our understanding of the development of the biblical textual material and how they have changed our view and perception of the discipline of textual criticism itself. Thereafter, it will focus on the role that the Septuagint has played within this changing panorama and illustrate this altered significance of the Septuagint on the basis of a concrete textual example.

Gesetze des Denkens? Von Husserls und Freges Psychologismus-Kritik zu einem transzendentalen Kern der Logik

Husserl and Frege reject logical psychologism, the view that logical laws are psychological 'laws of thought'. This paper offers an account of these famous objections and argues that their crucial premise, the necessity of logical laws, is justified with reference to a problematic metaphysics. However, this premise can be established in a more plausible way, namely via a transcendental argument which starts from the practice of rational criticism. This argument is developed through a discussion of Quine's holism, which at first appears to make the idea of the necessity of logical laws even less plausible, but eventually turns out to speak in favor of this view.

Digital Media and Political Communication in Bangladesh

A healthy and democratic political community is built on effective and meaningful communication among diverse political groups and individuals. Political engagement in earlier days was confined to a limited number of people, which often impeded the rational criticism and effective- ness of public policies. In Bangladesh, many people remain outside the boundaries of policymaking. To a cer- tain degree, traditional media failed to bridge the gap be- tween public and political authority. Digital media has re- cently entered into public life and offers various groups a chance to engage in political communication. Even com- munication through digital media has started to deter- mine the fortune of political events in Bangladesh like elsewhere in the world. Therefore, digital media, as a key player in political communication, has to be studied care- fully. In this article, it has been discussed why and how digital media has earned power regarding political com- munication. This study also seeks the state of democracy and political pluralism in contemporary Bangladesh. Identifying three key players of Bangladesh politics: polit- ical leaders, political activists, and grassroots citizens, this article further elucidates the nature of their chemistry in the digital age.

Answerability Without Answers

The classical ethical questions of whether and to what extent moral criticism is a sort of rational criticism have received renewed interest in recent years. According to the approach that I refer to as rationalist, accounts of moral responsibility are grounded by explanations of the conditions under which an agent is rationally answerable for her actions and attitudes. In the sense that is relevant here, to answer for an attitude or action is to give reasons that at least purport to justify it. To hold someone answerable for an attitude or action is thus to hold her rationally liable for it. T. M. Scanlon’s view is perhaps the most well-known example of this approach. The rationalist approach has recently been attacked by David Shoemaker for being too narrow: the charge is that attitudes exist for which an agent is responsible even though she cannot, in the relevant sense, answer for them. If there are morally significant attitudes that are attributable to an agent even though she cannot answer for them, then it would seem incomplete, misguided, or worse to treat morality as fundamentally a matter of demanding and giving reasons. By developing some remarks based on G. E. M. Anscombe’s Intention, I defend the rationalist approach against this critique. I show how an agent may be answerable for an attitude even though she cannot answer for it. The objective of this paper is thus twofold: to contribute to the discussion of the connection between rational liability and ethical responsibility, and to provide an example of the broad relevance of Anscombe’s thought to contemporary practical philosophy.

Rational Criticism, Ideological Sustainability and Intellectual Leadership in the Digital Public Sphere

This review postulates that today's digital environments unveil an era of connectivity, in which digital communication devices exercise a general influence on social interactions and public deliberation. From this perspective, it argues that connective practices are likely to affect two main components of the normative public sphere, namely rational criticism and ideological sustainability. Drawing on the case of the 2011 Arab revolutions, in which social media proved to have a strategic function, this paper illustrates the ideological heterogeneity of social networks. Additionally, this article considers how issues of rational criticism and ideological sustainability could be improved by regulating online interactions and proposes that the digital divide could act as a natural process of regulation for today's connective and transnational public sphere.

Psychologism and the Pragmatists: Peirce and Dewey

Throughout his philosophical writings, and especially after 1903, Peirce insisted that logic should make no use of information from psychology, biology and other sciences. This view was not shared by all pragmatists. Dewey's Studies in Logical Theory (1903) sought to make peace between logic and psychology by using Darwinian ideas to interpret logic as the natural history of thought. The paper explores the arguments that Peirce used to criticize Dewey's position, discussing how he thought that its acceptance would be an impediment to the rational criticism of our ideas. It also attempts to understand Peirce's reasons for claiming that Dewey's position "forbids" all such researches as those that Peirce had carried out for eighteen years.