An examination of six macroenvironment forces on globalization between 2006 and 2018

This study looks at the economic, political, environmental, cultural, technological, legal, and ethical macro-environmental forces which impact globalization Pre-2018. Key events are examined as indicators of the state of globalization around the world. The examination of globalization centers on these key events in the United States and Saudi Arabia. The issues that rose out these events are used to interpret whether the state of globalization is influenced. The issues of economic class, unemployment, CEO compensation, The Kyoto Protocol, the rise of social media, and Saudi Arabia’s joining the WTO are examined based on their influence on the state of globalization. The study concludes that convergence of cultures, based on nation-states’ responses to the arbitrage of information in the areas of economies, politics, environment, law, culture, and ethics has is a real influence on the state of globalization. The negative or positive effects of globalization are irrelevant in comparison to the actions taking by nation-states in response to key events.

Qiaopi and European Migrants’ Letters Compared

This chapter compares qiaopi letters and institutions with their European equivalent. It first discusses the migrant settings and the emergence of a postal culture. European and Chinese migrants shared many characteristics, but their sending places and the communities they formed abroad differed greatly. These differences were reflected in their letters. The chapter compares the letters of European migrants and qiaopi in regard both to the institutions that kept the correspondence going and letter contents and conventions. It concludes that qiaopi letters shared some features with European migrants’ letters as a result of the convergence of cultures, the spread of markets, the commonalities of the migrant condition, and the universality of epistolary conventions, but that their remittance role gave a special shape to their style and content.