Qiaopi and European Migrants’ Letters Compared

Dear China ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 151-175
Author(s):  
Gregor Benton ◽  
Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Special Shape ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Convergence Of Cultures

This chapter compares qiaopi letters and institutions with their European equivalent. It first discusses the migrant settings and the emergence of a postal culture. European and Chinese migrants shared many characteristics, but their sending places and the communities they formed abroad differed greatly. These differences were reflected in their letters. The chapter compares the letters of European migrants and qiaopi in regard both to the institutions that kept the correspondence going and letter contents and conventions. It concludes that qiaopi letters shared some features with European migrants’ letters as a result of the convergence of cultures, the spread of markets, the commonalities of the migrant condition, and the universality of epistolary conventions, but that their remittance role gave a special shape to their style and content.

Evaluation method for imaging plate resolution by means of phase contrast transfer function

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 662-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Oikawa ◽  
H. Kosugi ◽  
F. Hosokawa ◽  
D. Shindo ◽  
M. Kersker
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Amorphous Film ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Special Shape ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Contrast Image ◽  
Specimen Shape

Evaluation of the resolution of the Imaging Plate (IP) has been attempted by some methods. An evaluation method for IP resolution, which is not influenced by hard X-rays at higher accelerating voltages, was proposed previously by the present authors. This method, however, requires truoblesome experimental preperations partly because specially synthesized hematite was used as a specimen, and partly because a special shape of the specimen was used as a standard image. In this paper, a convenient evaluation method which is not infuenced by the specimen shape and image direction, is newly proposed. In this method, phase contrast images of thin amorphous film are used.Several diffraction rings are obtained by the Fourier transformation of a phase contrast image of thin amorphous film, taken at a large under focus. The rings show the spatial-frequency spectrum corresponding to the phase contrast transfer function (PCTF). The envelope function is obtained by connecting the peak intensities of the rings. The evelope function is offten used for evaluation of the instrument, because the function shows the performance of the electron microscope (EM).

scholarly journals Does Emancipation Matter? Fertility of Chinese International Migrants to the United States and Nonmigrants during China’s One-child Policy Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832199478
Author(s):  
Wanli Nie ◽  
Pau Baizan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of international migration to the United States on the level and timing of Chinese migrants’ fertility. We compare Chinese women who did not leave the country (non-migrants) and were subject to restrictive family policies from 1974 to 2015 to those who moved to the United States (migrants) and were, thus, “emancipated” from these policies. We theoretically develop and empirically test the emancipation hypothesis that migrants should have a higher fertility than non-migrants, as well as an earlier timing of childbearing. This emancipation effect is hypothesized to decline across birth cohorts. We use data from the 2000 US census, the 2005 American Community Survey, the 2000 Chinese census, and the 2005 Chinese 1 percent Population Survey and discrete-time event history models to analyze first, second, and third births, and migration as joint processes, to account for selection effects. The results show that Chinese migrants to the United States had substantially higher childbearing probabilities after migration, compared with non-migrants in China, especially for second and third births. Moreover, our analyses indicate that the migration process is selective of migrants with lower fertility. Overall, the results show how international migration from China to the United States can lead to an increase in migrant women’s fertility, accounting for disruption, adaptation, and selection effects. The rapidly increased fertility after migration from China to the United States might have implications on other migration contexts where fertility in the origin country is dropping rapidly while that in the destination country is relatively stable.

The New Chinese Community in New Zealand: Local Outcomes of Transnationalism

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manying Ip Wardlow Friesen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Chinese Community ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Motivation ◽  
Economic Miracle ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Depth Interviews

The new Chinese community in New Zealand (formed since 1987) is made up of immigrants from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Malaysia as well as other countries. Initially looked upon as harbingers of the “Asian economic miracle” by the New Zealand government, the new arrivals met with numerous unforeseen difficulties. This article is based on the findings of surveys and in-depth interviews in which the primary migrants were asked about their motives for migration, the economic and social outcomes of their migration, their perception of the comparative strengths of their native land and New Zealand, and their long-term view on settlement and return migration. The surveys are also set against background statistics from the 1996 census as well as immigration figures up to 2000. The findings challenge the assumption of the importance of the economic motivation of migration, and point to the primacy of social and environmental factors. They also suggest that transnationalism is a long-term strategy, instead of a temporary expediency, but also that most Chinese migrants in New Zealand have tried to integrate with the host society when possible.

The stirring of the medium by bull spermatozoa

1963 ◽  
Vol 157 (969) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Short Range Order ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Special Shape ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
Bull Sperm ◽  
Diffusion Coefficient Of Oxygen

1. Bull semen diluted 1/5 or 1/10 respired at the same rate whether the manometers were stationary or shaken. 2. Respirometric experiments using a manometer flask of special shape showed that bull sperm suspensions achieve this result by increasing the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the suspending medium by 900%. 3. The hypothesis is put forward ( a ) that these results are caused by the existence of short-range order, as opposed to disorder, in bull sperm suspensions, even at comparatively low sperm densities (dilution 1/8 to 1/20); ( b ) that this order produces group sperm velocities greater than those of isolated spermatozoa; and ( c ) that as a result, larger volumes of the suspending medium are convected with the ordered sperm groups, causing an augmented ‘diffusion’ of oxygen. 4. This hypothesis was examined by taking photomicrographs of sperm suspensions at different dilutions and temperatures and determining from them the distributions of (i) the distance between pairs of nearest spermatozoa; (ii) the angle of inclination of a sperm head relative to that of the spermatozoon nearest to it; and (iii) the relative position of the nearest spermatozoon. 5. Comparison of the observed distributions and the corresponding random ones showed that the spermatozoa attracted each other, so that transient sperm groups were formed, in which the spermatozoa tended to swim in the same direction. A reduction in temperature or sperm density decreased the sperm order.

Rural migrants in villages-in-the-city in Guangzhou, China: Multi-positionality and negotiated living strategies

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 2245-2260 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Chung
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

This paper investigates rural Chinese migrants’ agency through their multi-positionality and negotiated living strategies. The idea of ‘multi-positionality’ conceptualises a migrant’s mobility between physical locations and shifting social positions. Through individual migrants’ multi-positionality, this study discusses their place-specific social relations and thereby the diverse way to negotiate a living in villages-in-the-city in Guangzhou, China. These strategies include simple approaches such as facilitating physical movements between different locations and more sophisticated ones which develop multiple roles with outsiders and native villagers in different localities. While the former allows individual migrants to use their local knowledge to make a living in the context of institutional exclusion and discrimination, the latter further cultivates changes and an upgrade in social relations. Rural migrants' everyday stories are used to unfold an individual’s particular people–place relationship and how he/she has tapped into a place-specific resource to make a living. It does not aim to generalise rural migrants’ experience; rather it seeks to show diversity and complexity. Migrants’ stories are collected through extensive research in a village-in-the-city in Guangzhou, China. Through these stories, not only does this paper articulate the social relations which underlie individual migrants’ shifting positions, but also extends translocal studies on migrants beyond the narrative of physical locations.

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