Interference and diffraction experiment using 3D printing and Arduino

Here, we present a 3D printed experimental apparatus that students can use to acquire interference and diffraction quantitative data from light passing through a single or double-slit experiment. We built a linear screw stage with a multiturn potentiometer connected to its leadscrew as a position sensor. Using an Arduino, we collected light intensity data (from a photodiode mounted in the linear stage) as a function of position. The apparatus is a low-cost and compact alternative with data acquisition to optics physics laboratories.

How can a Random Phenomenon between Particles be Synchronized Instantaneously and Independently of the Distance Between Said Particles?

Entanglement is a random phenomenon that is instantly synchronized, regardless of the space that mediates between entangled particles. However, the instantaneous transmission of information using entanglement is impossible. This is because the instantaneity in the synchronization of non-local outcomes as a consequence of quantum measurement (after the distribution of the entangled pairs) cannot be used for an entanglement-based communication system to transmit information instantaneously. This impossibility stems from the following two reasons: a) the difficulty of controlling non-local outcomes through local actions without the intervention of an auxiliary channel (classical), and b) regardless of the previous point, no communication system based on entanglement can be instantaneous due to the distribution of an entangled pair at relativistic speeds, necessary to generate the quantum channel, each time a qubit must be transmitted. Three simple experiments help to clarify this controversial point. In fact, this study establishes what is truly responsible for the impossibility to transmit information instantaneously of any communication system based on entanglement. In this respect, functional models of the internal behavior of quantum measurement, and entanglement were developed, which allow analyzing the instantaneity post-distribution of entangled particles, before and after a quantum measurement, as well as the randomness in the results obtained from a quantum measurement of the entanglement. In this sense, this study establishes a debate about three possible responsible for the aforementioned randomness: the quantum measurement itself, entanglement, and the human intervention. Finally, homology between the entanglement and the double-slit experiment is presented.

Particle Nature of Photons, Normal Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Experiment --- Double-Slit Experiment Still Has Much to Offer

The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model. The double-slit experiment still has much to offer.

Particle Nature of Photons, Straight Diffraction Pattern and Curved Diffraction Pattern Emerging in Same Grating Experiment

The particle nature of the photons was experimentally confirmed. The static straight line diffraction pattern of the normal grating experiments has been shown experimentally. The phenomenon of the dynamic curved diffraction pattern of the grating experiment have been shown in separate experiments. In this article, the new experiments are proposed and performed, which show that the particle nature of the photons, the static straight line diffraction patterns, and the dynamic curved, expanded and inclined diffraction patterns co-exist in the same grating experiment simultaneously. The novel phenomena make the Feynman’s mystery of the normal double slit experiment more mysterious, violate Bohr’s complementarity principle, and provide comprehensive information/data for studying the wave-particle duality and developing new theoretical model.

Understanding single-slit experiments on the basis of Galton board experiments

In a single-slit experiment conducted for microparticles, the well-aligned rough structure of the slit wall can be viewed as a Galton board. Thus, when microparticles pass through the single slit, both the particle probability density (PPD) and particle direction of motion have a normal distribution. Therefore, when the distance between the slit and the receiving film becomes large, particles with different directions of motion will separate into different particle groups. By the nature of a normal distribution, the PPD for any particle group should also be normal-distributed. Obviously, between any two neighboring particle groups, there should be a valley in the PPD and thus the particle groups are observed as discrete fringes. All phenomena observed in the single-slit experiment can be explained reasonably well from the above viewpoint. In particular, analysis shows that the PPD can be described by the square of the modulus of the average least action of particles at a given location.