Curved, Expanded and Inclined Diffraction Patterns of Grating--Rotating Grating Around Three Axes (1)

The orientation-dependence of the interference/diffraction patterns of the 1D-double slit/1D-grating and 2D-cross-double slit/2D-cross-grating experiments have been studied experimentally and theoretically. However, the above experiments were limited to certain orientations, namely rotating around either one axis or two axes. In this article, the 3-axis-rotation apparatus is proposed/made, which can rotate the 1D-double slit/2D-cross-double slit and 1D-grating/2D-cross-grating, CW and CCW respectively, 00-3600 around three axes independently and sequentially. By this apparatus, the orientation-dependence of the patterns is systematically studied. Moreover, the experiments can be performed easily. Then we show that the photons, before landing on the detector/screen, behave as particles. The above observed phenomena provide the comprehensive information to theoretical study of the double slit/grating experiments. We suggest that the complete mathematical model should contain three rotation angles as parameters. Furthermore, the phenomena have potential applications.

Theory of polarization-averaged core-level molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions: III. new formula for p- and s-wave interference analogous to Young's double-slit experiment for core-level photoemission from hetero-diatomic molecules

We present a new variation of Young's double-slit formula for polarization-averaged molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (PA-MFPADs) of hetero-diatomic molecules, which may be used to extract the bond length. So far, empirical analysis of the PA-MFPADs has often been carried out employing Young's formula in which each of the two atomic centers emits a s-photoelectron wave. The PA-MFPADs, on the other hand, can consist of an interference between the p-wave from the X-ray absorbing atom emitted along the molecular axis and the s-wave scattered by neighboring atom, within the framework of Multiple Scattering theory. The difference of this p-s wave interference from the commonly used s-s wave interference causes a dramatic change in the interference pattern, especially near the angles perpendicular to the molecular axis. This change involves an additional fringe, urging us to caution when using the conventional Young's formula for retrieving the bond length. We have derived a new formula analogous to Young's formula but for the p-s wave interference. The bond lengths retrieved from the PA-MFPADs via the new formula reproduce the original C-O bond lengths used in the reference ab-initio PA-MFPADs within the relative error of 5 %. In the high energy regime, this new formula for p-s wave interference converges to the ordinary Young’s formula for the s-s wave interference. We expect it to be used to retrieve the bond length for time-resolved PA-MFPADs instead of the conventional Young's formula.

CALCULATION OF THE BEARING CAPACITY OF A TWO-SLOT STRIP FOUNDATION

The results of computer modeling of the process of formation and development of areas of plastic deformations in the connected base of a double-slit ribbon foundation are presented. All calculations are performed using computer programs developed with the participation of the author. These programs allow you to take into account all the variety of physical and mechanical properties of the foundation soil (volume weight, internal friction angle, specific adhesion, lateral pressure coefficient and deformation modulus) and the foundation material (elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio). In the calculations, it is assumed that the value of the lateral pressure coefficient of the soil is 0.75, as is typical for cohesive clay soils, and the same value for the foundation material is assumed to be 0.43 (converted through the Poisson's ratio). Based on the results of calculations, it was possible to determine the features of the stress state of the base of the double-slit foundation and the process of development of plastic areas in the core of the foundation. First of all, the part of the bearing capacity of the base of the double-slit foundation that contacts its side surface is realized, and the inclusion of the side surface of the slit foundation in the work occurs from the bottom up. Then the part of the base that is located directly under the soles of the walls in the ground (cracks) is included in the work. It is established that the smaller the distance between the slits, the greater the bearing capacity of the base and the greater its part falls on the side surface. The bearing capacity of the base of a double-slit foundation is directly proportional to the depth of its foundation (the height of the cracks). The part of the load-bearing capacity realized on the side surface of the foundation can reach 60 % or more of its full value. An engineering method for calculating the load-bearing capacity of the base of a double-slit foundation, including simple formulas and graphs, is proposed. The method is formalized in a calculator program. The verification calculations showed a high degree of accuracy in approximating the results of the numerical experiment.

Curved Diffraction Patterns of 2D-Cross-Grating Experiments ---Double Slit Still Has Much to Offer

Young’s double slit experiments represent the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the single slit, double slit, cross-double slit and 1D-grating experiments were performed, which show the universal phenomena that the interference/diffraction patterns are curved, expanded and inclined. In this article, we show novel phenomena that the diffraction patterns of the 2D-cross-grating experiments can be curved, expanded and inclined simultaneously and continuously. Those experiments provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model.

Curved Diffraction Patterns of 2D-Cross-Grating Experiments---Double Slit Still Has Much to Offer

Young’s double slit experiments represent the mystery of quantum mechanics. To explore the mystery, varieties of the single slit, double slit, cross-double slit and 1D-grating experiments were performed, which show the universal phenomena that the interference/diffraction patterns are curved, expanded and inclined. In this article, we show novel phenomena that the diffraction patterns of the 2D-cross-grating experiments can be curved, expanded and inclined simultaneously and continuously. Those experiments provide comprehensive data for developing/testing a theoretical model.

After Strict Comparison, the Conclusion of the Double-Slit Test Conflicts with the Mathematical Model

Light waves, which have almost no physical properties, are an abstract mathematical concept rather than an objective description. Confused by a set of dark and bright stripes and a sketchy schematic with little relation to the actual result, the double-slit phenomenon was misjudged as being caused by interfering light waves, but this plausible principle implies disastrous flaws. For example, (1) immediately after light passes through the double-slit device, the pattern is generated early or before interference. By changing the device-screen distance, the pattern only scales synchronously without being reconstructed by interference. The pattern with more interference points is darker, but it should be brighter. (2) Light waves can not only be subdivided into many parts but also greatly proliferate. (3) Light waves with missing leading edges outside the screen can still induce much interference. (4) Reflected light waves do not interfere. (5) The effect of polarization direction on interference should not be ignored. (6) Compared with the mathematical model, the location where the dark stripe should appear is actually the brightest spot. The formation principle of multiple regular dark stripes cannot be found. (7) To reflect the quantum property in the interference process, unless all conditions are simultaneously met, interference will not be triggered, and therefore, the principle of interference will be rejected. (8) A light source cannot be produced in a slit that may be in vacuum. (9) In the causality test, to verify the effect of collapse, the photons that have collapsed into particles should be tested again with a double-slit test. (10) The phenomenon of "observed tampering results" is obtained by observation. Has it been tampered with by observation? (11) If light is a wave, then matter and antimatter are conjoined. In conclusion, Newton's particle model is wrong, as is light wave theory.