Gender, Sense of Power, and Desire to Lead: Why Women Don’t “Lean In” to Apply to Leadership Groups That Are Majority-Male

We investigated why women may have lower desires and intentions to apply to become a member of a leadership group (i.e., committee) than men when the majority of its members are men. In four studies, we examined the interaction between gender and gender composition of the leadership group on leader candidates’ sense of power, desire to lead, and intentions to apply to become a member of a leadership group. Informed by research on gender, perceived power, and the model of goal-directed behavior, we found that women, compared to men, expected lower sense of power when considering applying to a majority-male (vs. gender-balanced) online leadership committee (Study 1A, N = 294; Study 1B, N = 278). This pattern observed for women in majority-male leadership committees was not, however, evident for men in majority female leadership committees (Study 2, N = 560). Furthermore, women’s lower sense of power explained why they expressed lower desires to lead and intentions to apply for a majority-male leadership committee compared to men. Finally, we found that increasing women’s sense of power increased their desires and intentions to lead in a majority-male committee (Study 3, N = 460). We contribute to understanding why there still exists a discrepancy in the number of men versus women in leadership groups despite ongoing efforts to reduce it. We hope readers will apply these findings by identifying ways to increase women leader candidates’ sense of power in order to increase women’s representation on leadership committees and groups (e.g., boards). Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684320939065

„Commercium nach dem Sinn Jesu“

This paper analyses the market behaviour of the Moravian Church around 1800 as illustrated by the transatlantic trade with Labrador. The pietistic religious community, which originated in Herrnhut/Saxony, founded numerous missionary stations and settlements in the Atlantic world after 1732. In the course of this expansion, a broad range of trade opportunities opened up to the Moravians, which they utilised to finance their exceedingly expensive missionary activities. As this paper sets out, they founded their own Ship’s Company in London in 1770, which imported sought-after raw materials to Great Britain, such as whalebone or fur from Labrador. However, the leadership committee, known as the Unity Elders Conference, imposed strict regulations on the market activities of all Moravians. All trade activities had tobe consistent with biblical standards. This was intended to ensure that the individual merchant or missionary remained free of sin. The Unity Elders considered fair prices tobe of particular importance. This belief also served to distinguish the community from the large number of non-pietistic merchants and their trading practices.

Promoting Female Leadership in Healthcare: An Interview with Dr. Lara Khoury, Co-Chair of the Female Physician Leadership Committee

Dr. Lara Khoury, MD, FRCPC, is an assistant professor and geriatrician at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH). She holds numerous leadership positions, including the post-graduate Program Director of the Geriatrics Program of the University of Ottawa and the Medical Director of TOH Inpatient Geriatric Service. Currently, she is also a Co-Chair of the Female Physician Leadership Committee at TOH. In order to remove barriers faced by female physicians wishing to take on leadership roles at TOH, a number of aspiring and passionate female doctors, including Dr. Khoury, came together to form the Female Physician Leadership Committee. With the full support of TOH’s senior management team, the committee has implemented several initiatives to encourage more female physicians to take on leadership roles. The committee’s role is imperative as there has been an increasing awareness of the gender imbalance at TOH over the past years. According to a survey conducted by TOH in 2011, only 30 percent of the hospital’s physicians are female, while less than 20% of them are division heads, and less than 8% of them are department heads [1]. Today, the numbers do not look very different. To gain further insight into the importance of female leadership in medicine and her extensive leadership involvement, we would like to share our interview with Dr. Khoury. RésuméDre Lara Khoury, MD, FRCPC, est professeure adjointe et gériatre à L’Hôpital d’Ottawa (L’HO). Elle occupe de nombreux postes de direction, y compris le poste de directrice des programmes poste-diplômés du programme de gériatrie de l’Université d’Ottawa et le poste de directrice médicale du Service de gériatrie de l’Hôpital d’Ottawa. Elle est actuellement co-présidente du Comité de leadership des femmes médecins de L’HO. Afin d’éliminer les obstacles auxquels sont confrontées les femmes médecins souhaitant assumer des rôles de leadership à L’HO, un certain nombre de femmes médecins aspirantes et passionnées, incluant Dre Khoury, se sont réunies pour former le Comité de direction des femmes médecins. Avec le plein appui de l’équipe de la haute direction de L’HO, le comité a mis en œuvre plusieurs initiatives pour encourager plus de femmes médecins à assumer des rôles de leadership. Le rôle du comité est impératif, suite à la sensibilisation accrue au déséquilibre entre les sexes à L’HO au cours des dernières années. Selon une enquête menée par l’Hôpital en 2011, seulement 30% des médecins de l’hôpital sont des femmes, alors que moins de 20% d’entre eux sont chefs de division et moins de 8% sont des chefs de service [1]. Aujourd’hui, les chiffres ne sont pas très différents. Pour mieux comprendre l’importance du leadership féminin en médecine et son implication considérable dans le leadership, nous aimerions partager notre interview avec la Dre Khoury.

Application of the IEC80001 standard towards integration of a real time alarm communication and management system

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on use of the IEC80001 standard, Application of Risk Management for Information Technolody (IT) Networks Incorporating Medical Devices, to deploy a wireless alarm management solution in a long-term care home facility. Design/methodology/approach – The standard suggests the use of a unique responsibility matrix and a continuous quality improvement approach for analysis, evaluation and control of risks. A unique leadership committee and workgroup were formed to develop processes and procedures for integrating medical devices with IT systems; as well as execution of the project itself. The leadership committee oversaw the phased approach of assessing the technology, the clinical environment, proponent technology-based solutions and a specified risk management file. The project expanded its scope beyond the standard to include a risk focussed analysis of clinical workflow to evaluate the usability of the solution. Findings – The standard focussed approach identified numerous risks associated with the technical and network solution and the future state workflow. Medical devices proved to be the most limiting technology needing to be incorporated into the solution. Although faced with a daunting list of network related risks, it was concluded that all residual risks would have been acceptable. The analysis of the future state workflow identified various risks related to usability (human factors), battery management and the absence of additional operating dollars for supplementary staffing duties and new operational expenses. Originality/value – To the best of the authors knowledge, this paper is the first one to detail the process of following the IEC80001 standard in Canada. It offers insight into building an organizational framework around the standard and identifies gaps that should be considered by executive and project sponsors before proceeding with a project.

Implementing a Student Leadership Committee

In 1992, the Texas Commission for the Blind formed a student leadership committee, Leaders in Transitioning with Excellence, to facilitate the development of leadership skills and involvement in communities by students with visual impairments aged 15–20. This article describes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the committee and the conference it held.