Solar System Wave Function and its Achievements

Pluto, Ceres and all planets of solar system except Neptune, with a high approximation, follow a rule called Titius-Bode rule or Bode rule, which can by no means be considered as a stochastic event. This rule shows that the distance of the planets from the sun in Solar system is regulated. Here, we prove that the existence of a standing and cosine wave packet in solar system, with the wavelength λ = 0.6 AU (AU represents the distance of earth from the sun) and the phase constant ∅_0=π/6, is the reason for Bode rule. Moreover, we prove that this huge wave packet belongs to the sun. In the following of the article, based on the solar system wave function, we will enter into the atomic field and arrive to a new atomic model that helps us to describe many phenomena such as the normal Zeeman effect.

Solar System Wave Function and its Achievements

Pluto, Ceres and all planets of solar system except Neptune, with a high approximation, follow a rule called Titius-Bode rule or Bode rule, which can by no means be considered as a stochastic event. This rule shows that the distance of the planets from the sun in Solar system is regulated. Here, we prove that the existence of a standing and cosine wave packet in solar system, with the wavelength λ = 0.6 AU (AU represents the distance of earth from the sun) and the phase constant ∅_0=π/6, is the reason for Bode rule. Moreover, we prove that this huge wave packet belongs to the sun. In the following of the article, based on the solar system wave function, we will enter into the atomic field and arrive to a new atomic model that helps us to describe many phenomena such as the normal Zeeman effect.

Solar System Wave Function and its Achievements

Pluto, Ceres and all planets of solar system except Neptune, with a high approximation, follow a rule called Titius-Bode rule or Bode rule, which can by no means be considered as a stochastic event. This rule shows that the distance of the planets from the sun in Solar system is regulated. Here, we prove that the existence of a standing and cosine wave packet in solar system, with the wavelength λ = 0.6 AU (AU represents the distance of earth from the sun) and the phase constant ∅_0=π/6, is the reason for Bode rule. Moreover, we prove that this huge wave packet belongs to the sun. In the following of the article, based on the solar system wave function, we will enter into the atomic field and arrive to a new atomic model that helps us to describe many phenomena such as the normal Zeeman effect.

Solar System Wave Function and its Achievements

Pluto, Ceres and all planets of solar system except Neptune, with a high approximation, follow a rule called Titius-Bode rule or Bode rule, which can by no means be considered as a stochastic event. This rule shows that the distance of the planets from the sun in Solar system is regulated. Here, we prove that the existence of a standing and cosine wave packet in solar system, with the wavelength λ = 0.6 AU (AU represents the distance of earth from the sun) and the phase constant ∅_0=π/6, is the reason for Bode rule. Moreover, we prove that this huge wave packet belongs to the sun. In the following of the article, based on the solar system wave function, we will enter into the atomic field and arrive to a new atomic model that helps us to describe many phenomena such as the normal Zeeman effect.

Cryo-EM single-particle structure refinement and map calculation using Servalcat

In 2020, cryo-EM single-particle analysis achieved true atomic resolution thanks to technological developments in hardware and software. The number of high-resolution reconstructions continues to grow, increasing the importance of the accurate determination of atomic coordinates. Here, a new Python package and program called Servalcat is presented that is designed to facilitate atomic model refinement. Servalcat implements a refinement pipeline using the program REFMAC5 from the CCP4 package. After the refinement, Servalcat calculates a weighted F o − F c difference map, which is derived from Bayesian statistics. This map helps manual and automatic model building in real space, as is common practice in crystallography. The F o − F c map helps in the visualization of weak features including hydrogen densities. Although hydrogen densities are weak, they are stronger than in the electron-density maps produced by X-ray crystallography, and some H atoms are even visible at ∼1.8 Å resolution. Servalcat also facilitates atomic model refinement under symmetry constraints. If point-group symmetry has been applied to the map during reconstruction, the asymmetric unit model is refined with the appropriate symmetry constraints.

The 4.4 Å structure of the giant Melbournevirus virion belonging to the Marseilleviridae family

Members of Marseilleviridae, one family of icosahedral giant viruses classified in 2012 have been identified worldwide in all types of environments. The virion shows a characteristic internal membrane extrusion at the five-fold vertices of the capsid, but its structural details need to be elucidated. We now report the 4.4 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Melbournevirus capsid. An atomic model of the major capsid protein (MCP) shows a unique cup structure on the trimer that accommodates additional proteins. A polyalanine model of the penton base protein shows internally extended N- and C-terminals, which indirectly connect to the internal membrane extrusion. The Marseilleviruses share the same orientational organisation of the MCPs as PBCV-1 and CroV, but do not appear to possess a protein akin to the ″tape measure″ of these viruses. Minor capsid proteins named PC-β, zipper, and scaffold are proposed to control the dimensions of the capsid during assembly.

The Role of Models in the Discovery of the Nucleus: Ernest Rutherford and his School

Ernest Rutherford is remembered as the scientist who proposed a planetary atomic model that would overcome the atomic structure of the early 20th century, proposed by J.J. Thomson, and based on a volume of positive charge within which the negative charge was considered to be uniformly distributed. Reading Rutherford’s original paper published in 1911—allows us to compare the models of these two physicists and discuss the concept of the model itself.

The Role of Models in the Discovery of the Nucleus: Ernest Rutherford and his School

Ernest Rutherford is remembered as the scientist who proposed a planetary atomic model that would overcome the atomic structure of the early 20th century, proposed by J.J. Thomson, and based on a volume of positive charge within which the negative charge was considered to be uniformly distributed. Reading Rutherford’s original paper published in 1911—allows us to compare the models of these two physicists and discuss the concept of the model itself.